424B5
Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(5)
Registration No. 333 - 156689
PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT
(TO PROSPECTUS DATED FEBRUARY 9, 2009)
RAMCO-GERSHENSON PROPERTIES TRUST
Up to 3,000,000 Common Shares
Ramco-Gershenson Properties Trust has entered into a sales agreement with Cantor Fitzgerald &
Co. relating to the common shares of beneficial interest offered by this prospectus supplement and
the accompanying prospectus. In accordance with the terms of the sales agreement, we may offer and
sell up to 3,000,000 of our common shares from time to time through Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., as our
agent for the offer and sale of the shares.
Our common shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol RPT. On March
16, 2009, the last reported sales price of our common shares on the New York Stock Exchange was
$4.89 per share.
Sales of our common shares, if any, under this prospectus supplement and the accompanying
prospectus may be made in negotiated transactions or transactions that are deemed to at the
market offerings as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the
Securities Act, including sales made directly on the New York Stock Exchange, the existing trading
market for our common shares, or sales made to or through a market maker. The sales agent will
make all sales on a best efforts basis using commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its
normal trading and sales practices, on mutually agreed terms between the sales agent and us.
Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. will receive from us a commission equal to a maximum of 2.5% of the
gross sales price of all shares sold through it acting as agent and/or principal under the sales
agreement. In connection with the sale of the common shares on our behalf, Cantor Fitzgerald & Co.
may be deemed to be an underwriter within the meaning of the Securities Act, and the compensation
of Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. may be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts.
Investing in our common shares involves certain risks. See Risk Factors on page S-1 of this
prospectus supplement and on page 7 of the accompanying prospectus.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has
approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus supplement or the
accompanying prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal
offense.
Cantor Fitzgerald & Co.
The date of this prospectus supplement is March 17, 2009.
ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT
This document is in two parts. The first part is this prospectus supplement, which adds to and
updates information contained in the accompanying prospectus and the documents incorporated by
reference into the accompanying prospectus. The second part is the accompanying prospectus, which
gives more general information, some of which may not apply to this offering. This prospectus
supplement adds, updates and changes information contained in the accompanying prospectus and the
documents incorporated by reference.
To the extent any inconsistency or conflict exists between the information included or
incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and the information included or
incorporated by reference in the accompanying prospectus, the information included or incorporated
by reference in this prospectus supplement updates and supersedes the information in the
accompanying prospectus.
You should rely only on the information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus
supplement and the accompanying prospectus. We have not, and Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. has not,
authorized anyone to provide you with different or additional information. If anyone provides you
with different or additional information, you should not rely on it. We are not, and Cantor
Fitzgerald & Co. is not, making an offer to sell, nor are we or they seeking an offer to buy, these
securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale of these securities is not permitted. You
should not assume the information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus
supplement and the accompanying prospectus is accurate as of any date other than their respective
dates or in other dates which are specified in those documents. Our business, financial condition,
results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates.
FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION
This prospectus supplement contains or incorporates by reference forward-looking statements
within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act, and are subject to the safe harbor provisions created by these
statutes. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, that address activities,
events or developments that we intend, expect, project, believe or anticipate will or may occur in
the future are forward-looking statements. Such statements are characterized by terminology such as
anticipates, believes, expects, future, intends, assuming, projects, plans and
similar expressions or the negative of those terms or other comparable terminology. These
forward-looking statements which include statements about our expectations, objectives,
anticipations, intentions and strategies regarding the future, expected operating results, revenues
and earnings, reflect only managements current expectations and are not guarantees of future
performance and are subject to risks and uncertainties, including those risks described under the
heading Risk Factors in the accompanying prospectus, or in the documents incorporated by
reference, that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results contemplated by
the forward-looking statements.
S-i
All forward-looking statements included or incorporated by reference in this prospectus
supplement and the accompanying prospectus are made as of the date hereof, based on information
available to us as of the date hereof, and we assume no obligation to update any forward-looking
statement or statements. It is important to note that such forward-looking statements are subject
to risks and uncertainties and that our actual results could differ materially from those in such
forward-looking statements. The foregoing factors, as well as those under the heading Risk
Factors in the accompanying prospectus and in the section entitled Managements Discussion and
Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our most recent Annual Report on Form
10-K and Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that we file with the SEC from time to time, among others,
in some cases have affected, and in the future could affect, our actual operating results and could
cause our actual consolidated operating results to differ materially from those expressed in any
forward-looking statement made by us. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on
forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus supplement.
S-ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Prospectus Supplement
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References in this prospectus supplement to the Trust, the Company, we, us, our or
our Company are to Ramco-Gershenson Properties Trust and its subsidiaries, including
Ramco-Gershenson Properties, L.P., which we refer to as our Operating Partnership.
S-iii
This prospectus supplement is not complete without, and may not be delivered or used except in
connection with, the accompanying prospectus. You should read this entire prospectus supplement
and the accompanying prospectus, as well as the information incorporated herein and therein by
reference, before making an investment decision.
THE COMPANY
Ramco-Gershenson Properties Trust is a fully integrated, self-administered, publicly-traded
Maryland real estate investment trust (REIT) organized on October 2, 1997, located at 31500
Northwestern Highway, Suite 300, Farmington Hills, Michigan 48334. Our predecessor, RPS Realty
Trust, a Massachusetts business trust, was formed on June 21, 1988 to be a diversified
growth-oriented REIT. In May 1996, RPS Realty Trust acquired the Ramco-Gershenson interests through
a reverse merger, including substantially all of the shopping centers and retail properties as well
as the management company and business operations of Ramco-Gershenson, Inc. and certain of its
affiliates. The resulting trust changed its name to Ramco-Gershenson Properties Trust and
Ramco-Gershenson, Inc.s officers assumed management responsibility. The trust also changed its
operations from a mortgage REIT to an equity REIT and contributed certain mortgage loans and real
estate properties to Atlantic Realty Trust, an independent, newly formed liquidating REIT. In 1997,
with approval from our shareholders, we changed our state of organization by terminating the
Massachusetts trust and merging into a newly formed Maryland REIT.
We conduct substantially all of our business, and hold substantially all of our interests in
our properties, through our operating partnership, Ramco-Gershenson Properties, L.P. (the
Operating Partnership). The Operating Partnership, either directly or indirectly through
partnerships or limited liability companies, holds fee title to all owned properties. We have the
exclusive power to manage and conduct the business of the Operating Partnership. As of December 31,
2008, we owned approximately 86.4% of the interests in the Operating Partnership.
We are a publicly-traded REIT which owns, develops, acquires, manages and leases community
shopping centers (including power centers and single-tenant retail properties) and one regional
mall, in the Midwestern, Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. At December
31, 2008, we owned interests in 89 shopping centers, comprised of 65 community centers, 21 power
centers, two single tenant retail properties, and one enclosed regional mall, totaling
approximately 20.0 million square feet of gross leaseable area (GLA). We and our joint ventures
partners own approximately 16.0 million square feet of such GLA, with the remaining portion owned
by various anchor stores.
Our executive offices are located at 31500 Northwestern Highway, Suite 300, Farmington Hills,
Michigan 48334. Our telephone number is (248) 350-9900.
RISK FACTORS
Investing in our common shares involves risks. Before purchasing our common shares, you
should carefully consider the risks included in the Risk Factors section of our most recent
S-1
Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement and
the accompanying prospectus, as the same may be updated from time to time by our filings under the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as well as other information contained or incorporated
by reference in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus.
USE OF PROCEEDS
We intend to use the net proceeds from the sale of the common shares offered by this
prospectus supplement for general corporate purposes, which may include acquisitions of additional
properties, capital expenditures, the development of new properties, the redevelopment and/or
improvement of existing properties in our portfolio, the repayment of amounts outstanding under our
unsecured or secured revolving credit facilities, or other debt and working capital. As of
December 31, 2008, we had drawn approximately $125.2 million under the unsecured revolving credit
facility. Our unsecured revolving credit facility currently bears interest at a floating rate of
LIBOR plus 115 to 150 basis points, depending on our leverage ratio, and matures in December 2009,
with a one-year extension available at the Companys option. Furthermore, as of December 31, 2008,
we had drawn $40 million under a secured revolving credit facility. Our secured revolving credit
facility currently bears interest at a floating rate of LIBOR plus 325 basis points and matures in
December 2009, with two six-month extensions available at the Companys option.
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION
We have entered into a sales agreement, dated as of January 12, 2009, with Cantor Fitzgerald &
Co., under which we may issue and sell up to 3,000,000 of our common shares from time to time
through Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., as our agent for the offer and sale of the shares. The sales, if
any, of the common shares under this sales agreement will be made in negotiated transactions or
transactions deemed to be at the market offerings as defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act,
including sales made directly on the New York Stock Exchange, the existing trading market for our
common shares, or sales made to or through a market maker.
From time to time during the term of the sales agreement, we may deliver a placement notice to
Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. specifying the amount of common shares to be sold and the minimum price
below which sales may not be made. Upon receipt of a placement notice from us, and subject to the
terms and conditions of the sales agreement, Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. has agreed to use its
commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices to sell such
shares on such terms. We or Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. may suspend the offering of common shares at
any time upon proper notice to the other. Unless otherwise specified in the placement notice,
settlement for sales of common shares will occur on the third trading day following the date on
which any sales were made.
We will pay Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. commissions for its services in acting as agent in the
sale of common shares. Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. will be entitled to a commission equal to 2.5% of
the gross sales price of the first 1,500,000 shares sold through it as agent under the sales
agreement and 2% of the next 1,500,000 shares sold through it as agent under the sales
S-2
agreement. We estimate that the total expenses for the offering, excluding commissions payable to
Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. under the terms of the sales agreement, will be approximately $120,000.
We will report at least quarterly the number of common shares sold through Cantor Fitzgerald &
Co., as agent, in at-the-market offerings, the net proceeds to us and the compensation paid by us
to Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. in connection with such sales of common shares.
Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. and its affiliates may, from time to time, engage in transactions
with, and perform services for, us in the ordinary course of our business.
In connection with the sale of the common shares hereunder, Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. may be
deemed to be an underwriter within the meaning of the Securities Act, and the compensation paid
to Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. may be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts. We have
agreed to indemnify Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. against certain civil liabilities, including
liabilities under the Securities Act.
The offering of common shares pursuant to the sales agreement will terminate upon the earlier
of (1) the sale of all common shares subject to the sales agreement or (2) termination of the sales
agreement. The sales agreement may be terminated by Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. or us at any time upon
10 days notice, and by Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. in certain circumstances, including our failure to
maintain a listing of our common shares on the New York Stock Exchange or the occurrence of a
material adverse change in our company.
LEGAL MATTERS
Honigman Miller Schwartz and Cohn LLP will pass upon the legality of our common shares offered
by this prospectus supplement. DLA Piper LLP (US) will act as counsel for Cantor Fitzgerald & Co.
S-3
PROSPECTUS
$300,000,000
RAMCO-GERSHENSON PROPERTIES TRUST
DEBT SECURITIES
PREFERRED SHARES
COMMON SHARES
WARRANTS
RIGHTS
Ramco-Gershenson Properties Trust may offer, issue and sell from time to time our debt
securities, which may be in one or more class or series and may be senior debt securities or
subordinated debt securities; our preferred shares, which we may issue in one or more class or
series; our common shares; warrants to purchase our preferred shares or common shares; rights to
purchase our common shares; and any combination of these securities. The securities will have an
aggregate initial offering price of up to $300,000,000. We may sell any combination of the
securities described in this prospectus in one or more offerings. We may offer the securities
separately or together, in separate classes or series and in amounts, at prices and on terms
described in one or more supplements to this prospectus and other offering material.
This prospectus describes some of the general terms that may apply to these securities. We
will provide the specific terms of these securities in supplements to this prospectus. We may
describe the terms of these securities in a term sheet which will precede the prospectus
supplement. You should read this prospectus and the accompanying prospectus supplement carefully
before you make your investment decision.
This prospectus may not be used to sell securities unless accompanied by a prospectus
supplement.
The securities may be offered through one or more underwriters, dealers and agents or directly
to purchasers on a continuous or delayed basis. The prospectus supplement for each offering of
securities will describe in detail the plan of distribution for that offering.
Our common shares are
traded on the New York Stock Exchange (the NYSE) under the symbol
RPT. On February
6, 2009, the closing sale
price of our common shares as reported on the NYSE was
$4.82 per share.
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Our principal executive offices are located at 31500 Northwestern Highway, Suite 300, Farmington
Hills, Michigan 48334, and our telephone number is (248) 350-9900.
NEITHER THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION NOR ANY STATE SECURITIES COMMISSION HAS
APPROVED OR DISAPPROVED OF THESE SECURITIES OR DETERMINED WHETHER THIS PROSPECTUS IS TRUTHFUL OR
COMPLETE. ANY REPRESENTATION TO THE CONTRARY IS A CRIMINAL OFFENSE.
The
date of this prospectus is February 9, 2009
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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About this Prospectus |
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Where You Can Find More Information |
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Incorporation of Information We File With the SEC |
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Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements |
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Who We Are |
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Risk Factors |
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Use of Proceeds |
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Ratios of Earnings to Fixed Charges and Preferred Share Dividends |
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The Securities We May Offer |
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Description of Debt Securities |
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Description of Common Shares |
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Description of Preferred Shares |
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Description of Warrants |
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Description of Rights |
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Certain Provisions of Maryland Law and Our Declaration of Trust and Amended and Restated Bylaws |
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Certain Federal Income Tax Considerations |
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Legal Matters |
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Disclosure of SEC Position on Indemnification for Securities Act Liabilities |
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You should rely only on the information provided or incorporated by reference in this
prospectus or any applicable prospectus supplement. We have not authorized anyone to provide you
with different or additional information. We are not making an offer to sell these securities in
any jurisdiction where the offer or sale of these securities is not permitted. You should not
assume that the information appearing in this prospectus, any accompanying prospectus supplement or
the documents incorporated by reference herein or therein is accurate as of any date other than
their respective dates. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may
have changed since those dates.
You should read carefully the entire prospectus, as well as the documents incorporated by
reference in the prospectus, before making an investment decision.
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ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS
This prospectus is part of a registration statement on Form S-3 that we filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, using a shelf registration process. Under this
shelf registration process, we may, from time to time, sell any combination of the securities
described in this prospectus, in one or more offerings, up to a maximum aggregate offering price of
$300,000,000.
This prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities offered by us, which
is not meant to be a complete description of each security. Each time we sell securities, we will
provide a prospectus supplement containing specific information about the terms of that offering,
including the specific amounts, prices and terms of the securities offered. The prospectus
supplement and any other offering material may also add to, update or change information contained
in this prospectus or in documents we have incorporated by reference into this prospectus. To the
extent inconsistent, information in or incorporated by reference in this prospectus is superseded
by the information in the prospectus supplement and any other offering material related to such
securities.
This prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement does not constitute an offer to sell,
or a solicitation of an offer to purchase, the securities offered by such documents in any
jurisdiction to or from any person to whom or from whom it is unlawful to make such an offer or
solicitation of an offer in such jurisdiction.
You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus or any prospectus
supplement is accurate as of any date other than the date on the front cover of such documents.
Neither the delivery of this prospectus or any applicable prospectus supplement nor any
distribution of securities pursuant to such documents shall, under any circumstances, create any
implication that there has been no change in the information set forth in this prospectus or any
applicable prospectus supplement or in our affairs since the date of this prospectus or any
applicable prospectus supplement.
In this prospectus and any prospectus supplement hereto, unless the context suggests
otherwise, references to the Company, we, RPT, us, our Company, and our mean
Ramco-Gershenson Properties Trust.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
We file annual, quarterly and periodic reports, proxy statements and other information with
the SEC. You may read and copy any of these documents at the SECs Public Reference Room located
at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Information regarding the operation of the Public
Reference Room may be obtained by calling 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains a website that
contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding registrants that
file electronically with the SEC. The address of the SECs website is http://www.sec.gov. Our SEC
filings also are available through the New York Stock Exchange, 20 Broad Street, New York, New York
10005.
We have filed a registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC covering the securities that
may be sold under this prospectus. For further information on us and the securities being offered,
you should refer to our registration statement and its exhibits. This prospectus summarizes
material provisions of contracts and other documents that we refer you to. The rules and
regulations of the SEC allow us to omit from this prospectus certain information that is included
in the registration statement. Because the prospectus may not contain all the information that you
may find important, you should review the full text of these documents. We have included, or
incorporated by reference, copies of these documents as exhibits to our registration statement of
which this prospectus is a part.
INCORPORATION OF INFORMATION WE FILE WITH THE SEC
The SEC allows us to incorporate by reference into this prospectus documents that we file
with the SEC. This permits us to disclose important information to you by referring you to those
filed documents. Any information incorporated by reference this way is considered to be a part of
this prospectus, and information filed by us with the SEC subsequent to the date of this prospectus
will automatically be deemed to update and supersede this information.
We incorporate by reference into this prospectus the documents listed below, which we have
already filed with the SEC:
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our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007; |
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the following sections from our Proxy Statement on Form DEFR14A for our 2008 annual
meeting of shareholders held on June 11, 2008: Trustees and Executive Officers, The
Board of Trustees, Committees of the Board, Trustee Compensation, Corporate
Governance, Compensation Discussion and Analysis, Compensation Committee Report,
Report of the Audit Committee, and Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting
Compliance; |
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our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarters ended March 31, 2008, June 30,
2008, and September 30, 2008; |
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our Current Reports on Form 8-K filed on February 21, 2008, April 30, 2008, July 30,
2008, October 8, 2008, October 22, 2008, October 23,
2008, December 3, 2008 and January 13, 2009; and |
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the description of our common shares contained in our registration statement on Form
8-A filed with the SEC on November 1, 1988 (which incorporates by reference pages
101-119 of our prospectus/proxy statement filed with the SEC on November 1, 1988), as
updated by the description of our common shares contained in our definitive proxy
statement on Schedule 14A for our special meeting of shareholders held on December 18,
1997. |
Whenever, after the date of this prospectus, we file reports or documents under Section 13(a),
13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), those
reports and documents will be incorporated by reference and deemed to be a part of this prospectus
from the time they are filed (other than Current Reports or portions thereof furnished under Item
2.02 or Item 7.01 of Form 8-K). Any statement made in this prospectus or in a document incorporated
or deemed to be incorporated by reference into this prospectus will be deemed to be modified or
superseded for purposes of this prospectus to the extent that a statement contained in this
prospectus or in any other subsequently filed document that is also incorporated or deemed to be
incorporated by reference into this prospectus modifies or supersedes that statement. Any statement
so modified or superseded will not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a
part of this prospectus.
We will provide without charge, upon written or oral request, a copy of any or all of the
documents which are incorporated by reference into this prospectus, excluding any exhibits to those
documents unless the exhibit is specifically incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the
registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. Requests for documents should be
directed to Ramco-Gershenson Properties Trust, 31500 Northwestern Highway, Suite 300, Farmington
Hills, Michigan 48334 (telephone number (248) 350-9900).
You should rely only on the information contained or incorporated by reference into this
prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement. We have not authorized anyone to provide you
with different or additional information. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent
information, you should not rely on it.
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This prospectus and the information incorporated by reference contain certain forward-looking
statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the
Securities Act), and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. Statements that do not relate strictly to
historical or current facts are forward-looking and are generally identifiable by use of
forward-looking terminology such as may, will, should, potential, intend, expect,
endeavor, seek, anticipate, estimate, overestimate, underestimate, believe, could,
project, predict, continue, trend, opportunity, pipeline, comfortable, current,
position, assume, outlook, remain, maintain, sustain, achieve, would or other
similar words or expressions. Such statements are based on assumptions and expectations which may
not be realized and are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, many of which cannot be
predicted with accuracy and some of which might not even be anticipated.
Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and we assume no duty to
and do not undertake to update forward-looking statements. Our future events, financial condition,
business or other results may differ materially from those anticipated and discussed in the
forward-looking statements. Risks and other factors that might cause differences, some of which
could be material, include, but are not limited to, changes in political, economic or market
conditions generally and the real estate and capital markets specifically; availability of capital;
tenant bankruptcies; concentration of our credit risk; REIT distribution requirements; inability
to successfully identify or complete suitable acquisitions and new developments; inability of our
redevelopment projects to yield anticipated returns; competition for both the acquisition and
development of real estate properties and the leasing operations; existing exclusivity lease
provisions;
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lack of complete control and conflicts of interests in our joint ventures; potential
bankruptcy of our joint venture partners; rising operating expenses; illiquidity of our real estate
investments; potential losses that are not covered by insurance; our debt obligations; our
financial covenants may restrict our operating or acquisition activities; mortgage debt
obligations; a failure to qualify as a REIT; potential tax obligations; legislative or other
actions affecting REITs; environmental laws and obligations; changes in generally accepted
accounting principles or interpretations thereof; terrorist activities and international
hostilities, which may adversely affect the general economy, domestic and global financial and
capital markets, specific industries and us; the unfavorable resolution of legal proceedings; the
impact of future acquisitions and divestitures; significant costs related to environmental issues
as well as other risks listed from time to time in the Companys other reports and statements filed
with the SEC.
When considering forward-looking statements, you should keep in mind the risk factors and
other cautionary statements in this prospectus and any prospectus supplement hereto and in reports
of the Company filed with the SEC. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any of
these forward-looking statements, which reflect our managements views as of the date of this
prospectus, or, if applicable, the date of a document incorporated by reference. All subsequent
written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us are expressly qualified in their
entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referenced to in this section. Although we
believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are based on reasonable
assumptions, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements.
We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result
of new information, future events or the occurrence of unanticipated events except as required by
applicable law.
WHO WE ARE
Ramco-Gershenson Properties Trust is a fully integrated, self-administered, publicly-traded
Maryland real estate investment trust organized on October 2, 1997. The terms Company, we,
our or us refer to Ramco-Gershenson Properties Trust, the Operating Partnership (defined below)
and/or its subsidiaries, as the context may require. Our principal office is located at 31500
Northwestern Highway, Suite 300, Farmington Hills, Michigan 48334. Our predecessor, RPS Realty
Trust, a Massachusetts business trust, was formed on June 21, 1988 to be a diversified
growth-oriented REIT. In May 1996, RPS Realty Trust acquired the Ramco-Gershenson interests through
a reverse merger, including substantially all of the shopping centers and retail properties as well
as the management company and business operations of Ramco-Gershenson, Inc. and certain of its
affiliates. The resulting trust changed its name to Ramco-Gershenson Properties Trust and
Ramco-Gershenson, Inc.s officers assumed management responsibility. The trust also changed its
operations from a mortgage real estate investment trust (REIT) to an equity REIT and contributed
certain mortgage loans and real estate properties to Atlantic Realty Trust, an independent, newly
formed liquidating REIT. In 1997, with approval from our shareholders, we changed our state of
organization by terminating the Massachusetts trust and merging into a newly formed Maryland real
estate investment trust.
We conduct substantially all of our business, and hold substantially all of our interests in
our properties, through our operating partnership, Ramco-Gershenson Properties, L.P. (the
Operating Partnership). The Operating Partnership, either directly or indirectly through
partnerships or limited liability companies, holds fee title to all owned properties. We have the
exclusive power to manage and conduct the business of the Operating Partnership. As of September
30, 2008, we owned approximately 86.4% of the interests in the Operating Partnership.
We are a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code), and are
therefore required to satisfy various provisions under the Code and related Treasury regulations.
We are generally required to distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (as
defined in the Code), excluding any net capital gain, to our shareholders. Additionally, at the end
of each fiscal quarter, at least 75% of the value of our total assets must consist of real estate
assets (including interests in mortgages on real property and interests in other REITs) as well as
cash, cash equivalents and government securities. We are also subject to limits on the amount of
certain types of securities we can hold. Furthermore, at least 75% of our gross income for the tax
year must be derived from certain sources, which include rents from real property and interest on
loans secured by mortgages on real property. An additional 20% of our gross income must be derived
from these same sources or from dividends and interest from any source, gains from the sale or
other disposition of stock or securities or any combination of the foregoing.
Certain of our operations, including property management and asset management, are conducted
through taxable REIT subsidiaries (each, a TRS). A TRS is a C corporation that has not elected
REIT status and, as such, is subject to federal corporate income tax. We use the TRS format to
facilitate our ability to provide certain services and conduct certain activities that are not
generally considered as qualifying REIT activities. Our executive offices are located at 31500
Northwestern Highway, Suite 300, Farmington Hills, Michigan 48334 (telephone number (248)
350-9900).
6
RISK FACTORS
Before you invest in any of our securities, in addition to the other information included or
incorporated by reference into this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement, you should
carefully consider the risk factors under the section entitled Risk Factors in any prospectus
supplement as well as our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and in our Quarterly Reports on
Form 10-Q filed subsequent to the Annual Report on Form 10-K, which are incorporated by reference
into this prospectus and any prospectus supplement in their entirety, as the same may be amended,
supplemented or superseded from time to time by other reports we file with the SEC in the future.
In addition, new risks may emerge at any time and we cannot predict such risks or estimate the
extent to which they may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and
prospects. For more information, see the sections entitled, Where You Can Find More Information
and Incorporation of Information We File With the SEC in this prospectus.
Recent disruptions in the financial markets could affect our ability to obtain financing for
development or redevelopment of our properties and other purposes on reasonable terms
and have other adverse effects on us and the market price of our
common shares.
The United States financial and credit markets have recently experienced significant price volatility,
dislocations and liquidity disruptions, which have caused market prices of many financial instruments to
fluctuate substantially and the spreads on prospective debt financings to widen considerably.
These circumstances have materially impacted liquidity in the financial markets, making terms for certain
financings less attractive, and in some cases have resulted in the unavailability of financing.
Continued uncertainty in the stock and credit markets may negatively impact our ability to access
additional financing for development and redevelopment of our properties and other purposes at reasonable
terms, which may negatively affect our business. It may also be more difficult or costly for us to raise
capital through the issuance of our common shares or preferred shares. The disruptions in the financial
markets may have a material
adverse effect on the market value of our common shares and other adverse effects on us and our business.
In addition, there can be no assurance that the actions of the U.S. government, U.S. Federal Reserve, U.S.
Treasury and other governmental and regulatory bodies for the purpose of stabilizing the financial markets
will achieve the intended effects or that such actions will not result in adverse market developments.
USE OF PROCEEDS
Unless otherwise set forth in a prospectus supplement, we intend to use the net proceeds from
the sale of the securities for working capital and other general corporate purposes, which may
include repaying debt, financing capital commitments, and financing future acquisitions,
redevelopment and development activities. We will have significant discretion in the use of any net
proceeds. We may provide additional information on the use of the net proceeds from the sale of
our securities in an applicable prospectus supplement or other offering materials relating to the
offered securities.
7
RATIOS OF EARNINGS TO FIXED CHARGES AND PREFERRED SHARES DIVIDENDS
Ratio of Earnings to Combined Fixed Charges
The following table sets forth the historical ratios of earnings to fixed charges for the
periods indicated:
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Years ended December 31, |
2007 |
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2006 |
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2005 |
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2004 |
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2003 |
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1.31
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1.36
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1.45
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1.43
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1.37 |
Nine months ended,
September 30, 2008
1.40
For purposes of computing the ratio of earnings to combined fixed charges, earnings have been
calculated by adding fixed charges (excluding capitalized interest and preferred share dividends)
to income adjusted to remove minority interest in unconsolidated entities and income or loss from
equity investees. Fixed charges consist of interest costs, whether expensed or capitalized, the
interest component of rental expense, and amortization of deferred financing costs (including
amounts capitalized) paid or accrued for the respective period.
The ratios are based solely on historical financial information, and no pro forma adjustment
has been made thereto.
Ratio of Earnings to Combined Fixed Charges and Preferred Share Dividends
The following table sets forth the historical ratios of earnings to combined fixed charges and
preferred share dividends for the periods indicated:
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Years ended December 31, |
2007 |
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2006 |
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2005 |
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2004 |
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2003 |
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1.22
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1.19
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1.26
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1.26
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1.27 |
Nine months ended,
September 30, 2008
1.40
For purposes of computing the ratio of earnings to combined fixed charges and preferred share
dividends, earnings have been calculated by adding fixed charges (excluding capitalized interest
and preferred share dividends) to income adjusted to remove minority interest in unconsolidated
entities and income or loss from equity investees. Fixed charges consist of interest costs,
whether expensed or capitalized, the interest component of rental expense, amortization of deferred
financing costs (including amounts capitalized) and preferred dividends paid or accrued for the
respective period.
The ratios are based solely on historical financial information, and no pro forma adjustment
has been made thereto.
8
THE SECURITIES WE MAY OFFER
We may sell from time to time, in one or more offerings, common shares of beneficial interest,
preferred shares of beneficial interest, and/or warrants in a dollar amount that does not exceed
$300,000,000. This prospectus contains only a summary of the securities we may offer. The specific
terms of any securities actually offered for sale, together with the terms of that offering, the
initial price and the net proceeds to us from the sale of such securities, will be set forth in an
accompanying prospectus supplement. That prospectus supplement also will contain information, if
applicable, about material United States federal income tax considerations relating to the
securities and the securities exchange, if any, on which the securities will be listed. This
prospectus may not be used to consummate a sale of securities unless it is accompanied by a
prospectus supplement.
The following description of our common shares and preferred shares, together with the
additional information we include in any applicable prospectus supplements, summarizes the material
terms and provisions of the common shares and preferred shares that we may offer under this
prospectus. For the complete terms of our common shares and preferred shares, please refer to our
Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Declaration of Trust (the Declaration of Trust), as
supplemented by the articles supplementary for each series of preferred shares, that are
incorporated by reference into the registration statement which includes this prospectus. Maryland
law will also affect the terms of these securities and the rights of holders thereof. While the
terms we have summarized below will apply generally to any future common shares or preferred shares
that we may offer, we will describe the particular terms of any class or series of these securities
in more detail in the applicable prospectus supplement. If we so indicate in any applicable
prospectus supplement, the terms of any common shares or preferred shares we offer may differ from
the terms we describe below.
Our authorized shares consist of an aggregate 55,000,000 shares of beneficial interest, par
value $0.01 per share, consisting of 45,000,000 common shares and 10,000,000 preferred shares which
may be issued in one or more classes or series, each with such terms, preferences, conversion or
other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends or other distributions,
qualifications and terms or conditions of redemption, as are permitted by Maryland law and as our
board of trustees may determine by resolution. As of December 31, 2008, we had issued and
outstanding 18,583,362 common shares and no preferred shares.
DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES
We may issue debt securities either separately, or together with, or upon the conversion of or
in exchange for, other securities. The debt securities may be our unsecured and unsubordinated
obligations or our subordinated obligations. We use the term senior debt securities to refer to
the unsecured and unsubordinated obligations. We use the term subordinated debt securities to
refer to the subordinated obligations. The subordinated debt
securities of any class or series may be our
senior subordinated obligations, subordinated obligations, junior subordinated obligations or may
have such other ranking as is described in the relevant prospectus supplement. We may issue any of
these types of debt securities in one or more classes or series.
Our senior debt securities may be issued from time to time under a senior debt securities
indenture with a trustee to be named in the senior debt securities indenture. Our subordinated
debt securities may be issued from time to time under a subordinated debt securities indenture with
a trustee to be named in the subordinated debt securities indenture, which will describe the
specific terms of the debt class or series. We use the term indenture to refer to the senior debt
securities indenture or the subordinated debt securities indenture. We use the term trustee to
refer to the trustee named in the senior debt securities indenture or the subordinated debt
securities indenture.
Some of our operations are conducted through our subsidiaries. Accordingly, our cash flow and
our ability to service our debt, including the debt securities, are dependent upon the earnings of
our subsidiaries and the distribution of those earnings to us, whether by dividends, loans or
otherwise. The payment of dividends and the making of loans and advances to us by our subsidiaries
may be (i) subject to statutory or contractual restrictions, (ii) contingent upon the earnings of
our subsidiaries, and (iii) subject to various business considerations. Our right to receive
assets of any of our subsidiaries upon their liquidation or reorganization (and the consequent
right of the holders of the debt securities to participate in those assets) will be effectively
subordinated to the claims of that subsidiarys creditors (including trade creditors), except to
the extent that we are recognized as a creditor of that subsidiary, in which case our claims would
still be subordinate to any security interests in the assets of the subsidiary and any indebtedness
held by a subsidiary that is senior to indebtedness held by us.
The following summary of selected provisions that will be included in indentures and in the
debt securities is not complete. Before making an investment in our debt securities, you should
review the applicable prospectus supplement and the form of applicable indenture, which will be
filed with the SEC in connection with the offering of the specific debt securities.
9
General
We can issue debt securities of any class or series with terms different from the terms of
debt securities of any other class or series and the terms of particular debt securities within any
class or series may differ from each other, all without the consent of the holders of previously
issued classes or series of debt securities. The debt securities of each class or series will be
our direct, unsecured obligations.
The applicable prospectus supplement relating to the class or series of debt securities will
describe the specific terms of each class or series of debt securities being offered, including,
where applicable, the following:
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the title; |
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the aggregate principal amount and whether there is any limit on the aggregate
principal amount that we may subsequently issue; |
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whether the debt securities will be senior, senior subordinated, subordinated or
junior subordinated; |
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the name of the trustee and its corporate trust office; |
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any limit on the amount of debt securities that may be issued; |
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any subordination provisions; |
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any provisions regarding the conversion or exchange of such debt securities with or
into other securities; |
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any default provisions and events of default applicable to such debt securities; |
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any covenants applicable to such debt securities; |
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whether such debt securities are issued in certificated or book-entry form, and the
identity of the depositary for those issued in book-entry form; |
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whether such debt securities are to be issuable in registered or bearer form, or
both, and any restrictions applicable to the exchange of one form or another and to the
offer, sale and delivery of such debt securities in either form; |
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whether such debt securities may be represented initially by a debt security in
temporary or permanent global form, and, if so, the initial depositary and the
circumstances under which beneficial owners of interests may exchange such interests for
debt securities of like tenor and of any authorized form and denomination and the
authorized newspapers for publication of notices to holders of bearer securities; |
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any other terms required to establish a class or series of bearer securities; |
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the price(s) at which such debt securities class or series will be issued; |
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the person to whom any interest will be payable on any debt securities, if other than
the person in whose name the debt security is registered at the close of business on the
regular record date for the payment of interest; |
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any provisions restricting the declaration of dividends or requiring the maintenance
of any asset ratio or maintenance of reserves; |
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the date or dates on which the principal of and premium, if any, is payable or the
method(s), if any, used to determine those dates; |
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the rate(s) at which such debt securities will bear interest or the method(s), if
any, used to calculate the rate(s); |
10
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the date(s), if any, from which any interest will accrue, or the method(s), if any,
used to determine the dates on which interest will accrue and date(s) on which interest
will be payable; |
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any redemption or early repayment provisions applicable to such debt securities; |
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the stated maturities of installments of interest, if any, on which any interest on
such debt securities will be payable and the regular record dates for any interest
payable on any debt securities which are registered securities; |
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the places where and the manner in which the principal of and premium and/or
interest, if any, will be payable and the places where the debt securities may be
presented for transfer; |
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our obligation or right, if any, to redeem, purchase or repay such debt securities of
the class or series pursuant to any sinking fund amortization or analogous provisions or
at the option of a holder of such debt securities and other related provisions; |
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the denominations in which any registered securities are to be issuable; |
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the currency, currencies or currency units, including composite currencies, in which
the purchase price for, the principal of and any premium and interest, if any, on such
debt securities will be payable; |
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the time period within which the manner in which and the terms and conditions upon
which the purchaser of any of such debt securities can select the payment currency; |
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if the amount of payments of principal, premium, if any, and interest, if any, on
such debt securities is to be determined by reference to an index, formula or other
method, or based on a coin or currency or currency unit other than that in which such
debt securities are stated to be payable, the manner in which these amounts are to be
determined and the calculation agent, if any, with respect thereto; |
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if other than the principal amount thereof, the portion of the principal amount of
the debt securities of the class or series which will be payable upon declaration or
acceleration of the maturity thereof pursuant to an event of default; |
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if we agree to pay any additional amounts on any of the debt securities, and coupons,
if any, of the classes or series to any holder in respect of any tax, assessment or
governmental charge withheld or deducted, the circumstances, procedures and terms under
which we will make these payments; |
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any terms applicable to debt securities of any class or series issued at an issue
price below their stated principal amount; |
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whether such debt securities are to be issued or delivered (whether at the time of
original issuance or at the time of exchange of a temporary security of such class or
series or otherwise), or any installment of principal or any premium or interest is to
be payable only, upon receipt of certificates or other documents or satisfaction of
other conditions in addition to those specified in the applicable indenture; |
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any provisions relating to covenant defeasance and legal defeasance; |
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any provisions relating to the satisfaction and discharge of the applicable
indenture; |
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any special applicable United States federal income tax considerations; |
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any provisions relating to the modification of the applicable indenture both with and
without the consent of the holders of the debt securities of the class
or series issued under
such indenture; and |
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any other material terms not inconsistent with the provisions of the applicable
indenture. |
The above is not intended to be an exclusive list of the terms that may be applicable to any
debt securities and we are not limited in any respect in our ability to issue debt securities with
terms different from or in addition to those described above or elsewhere in this prospectus,
provided that the terms are not inconsistent with the applicable indenture. Any
11
applicable prospectus supplement will also describe any special provisions for the payment of
additional amounts with respect to the debt securities. United States federal income tax
consequences and special considerations, if any, applicable to any such class or series will be described in
the applicable prospectus supplement.
Debt securities may be issued where the amount of principal and/or interest payable is
determined by reference to one or more currency exchange rates, commodity prices, equity indices or
other factors. Holders of such securities may receive a principal amount or a payment of interest
that is greater than or less than the amount of principal or interest otherwise payable on such
dates, depending upon the value of the applicable currencies, commodities, equity indices or other
factors. Information as to the methods for determining the amount of principal or interest, if
any, payable on any date, the currencies, commodities, equity indices or other factors to which the
amount payable on such date is linked and certain additional United States federal income tax
considerations will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.
Subject to the limitations provided in the indenture and in the prospectus supplement, debt
securities that are issued in registered form may be transferred or exchanged at the corporate
office of the trustee maintained in the City of New York or the principal corporate trust office of
the trustee, without the payment of any service charge, other than any tax or other governmental
charge payable in connection therewith.
Global Securities
The debt securities of a class or series may be issued in whole or in part in the form of one or more
global securities that will be deposited with, or on behalf of, a depositary identified in the
prospectus supplement. Global securities will be issued in registered form and in either temporary
or definitive form. Unless and until it is exchanged in whole or in part for the individual debt
securities, a global security may not be transferred except as a whole by the depositary for such
global security to a nominee of such depositary or by a nominee of such depositary to such
depositary or another nominee of such depositary or by such depositary or any such nominee to a
successor of such depositary or a nominee of such successor. The specific terms of the depositary
arrangement with respect to any debt securities of a class or series and the rights of and limitations upon
owners of beneficial interests in a global security will be described in the applicable prospectus
supplement.
DESCRIPTION OF COMMON SHARES
This section describes the general terms and provisions of our common shares of beneficial
interest, par value $.01 per share. This summary is not complete. We have incorporated by reference
our Declaration of Trust and our amended and restated bylaws (our Bylaws) as exhibits to the
registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. We have also incorporated by reference
in this prospectus a description of our common shares which is contained in other documents we have
filed with the SEC. You should read these other documents before you acquire any common shares.
Common Shares
All common shares offered by any applicable prospectus supplement will be duly authorized,
fully paid and nonassessable. All rights that accompany the ownership of our common shares are
subject to the preferential rights of any other class or series of our shares and to the provisions
of our Declaration of Trust regarding restrictions on transfer of our shares.
General
As of December 31, 2008 our authorized capital included 45,000,000 common shares, of which
18,583,362 shares were issued and outstanding. All common shares offered pursuant to any prospectus
supplement will, when issued, be duly authorized, fully paid and non-assessable. This means that
the full price for our common shares will be paid at issuance and that you, as a purchaser of such
common shares will not be later required to pay us any additional monies for such common shares.
Dividends
Subject to the preferential rights of any shares or class or series of beneficial interest
that we may issue in the future, and to the provisions of the Declaration of Trust regarding the
restriction on transfer of common shares, holders of common shares are entitled to receive
dividends on such shares out of our funds that we can legally use to pay dividends, when and if
such dividends are declared by our board of trustees.
Voting Rights
12
Subject to the provisions of our Declaration of Trust regarding restrictions on the transfer
and ownership of shares of beneficial interest, the holders of common shares have the exclusive
power to vote on all matters presented to our shareholders unless the terms of any outstanding
preferred shares gives the holders of preferred shares the right to vote on certain matters or
generally. Each outstanding common share entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted
to a vote of shareholders, including the election of trustees. There is no cumulative voting in the
election of our trustees, which means that the holders of a majority of the outstanding common
shares can elect all of the trustees then standing for election, and the votes held by the holders
of the remaining common shares, if any, will not be sufficient to elect any trustee.
Other Rights
Subject to the provisions of our Declaration of Trust regarding restrictions on the transfer
and ownership of shares of beneficial interest, each common share has equal distribution,
liquidation and other rights, and has no preference, conversion, sinking fund, redemption or
preemptive rights.
Pursuant to our Declaration of Trust and Maryland law, any merger, consolidation or sale of
all or substantially all of our assets or dissolution requires the affirmative vote of at least
two-thirds of all the votes entitled to be cast by our shareholders on the matter. Any amendment to
our Declaration of Trust, other than an amendment of any of the sections of our Declaration of
Trust which provide that the matters described in the foregoing sentence must be approved by a
two-thirds vote, requires the affirmative vote of at least a majority of all the votes entitled to
be cast by our shareholders on the matter. Subject to any rights of holders of one or more classes
or series of our preferred shares to elect one or more trustees, at a meeting of our shareholders,
the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of our shareholders entitled to vote in the election of
trustees is required in order to remove a trustee. Our Declaration of Trust authorizes our board of
trustees to increase or decrease the aggregate number of our authorized shares of beneficial
interest and the number of shares of any class or series of beneficial interest.
Transfer
Agent and Registrar
The transfer agent and registrar for our common shares is the American Stock Transfer & Trust
Company.
Power To Reclassify Our Shares
Our Declaration of Trust authorizes our board of trustees to classify and reclassify any of
our unissued common shares and preferred shares into other classes or series of shares. Prior to
issuance of shares of each class or series, our Board is required by Maryland law and by our
Declaration of Trust to set, subject to the restrictions on transfer of shares contained in our
Declaration of Trust, the terms, preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers,
restrictions, limitations as to dividends or other distributions, qualifications and terms or
conditions of redemption for each class or series. Thus, our board of trustees could authorize the
issuance of preferred shares with terms and conditions which could have the effect of delaying,
deferring or preventing a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for
holders of our common shares or otherwise be in their best interest.
Power To Increase Our Authorized Capital and to Issue Additional Common Shares And Preferred
Shares
Our Declaration of Trust authorizes our board of trustees, without the approval of our
shareholders, to amend our Declaration of Trust from time to time to increase or decrease the
aggregate number of common shares and/or preferred shares or the
number of shares of any class or series that
we have authority to issue.
We believe that the power to increase our authorized capital, to issue additional common
shares or preferred shares and to classify or reclassify unissued common or preferred shares and
thereafter to issue the classified or reclassified shares provides us with increased flexibility in
structuring possible future financings and acquisitions and in meeting other needs which might
arise. These actions can be taken without shareholder approval, unless shareholder approval is
required by applicable law or the rules of any stock exchange or automated quotation system on
which our securities may be listed or traded.
The description of the limitations on the liability of shareholders of ours set forth under
Description of Preferred Shares is applicable to holders of common shares.
Restrictions On Ownership And Transfer
In order for us to qualify as a REIT, we must not be closely held as determined under
Section 856(h) of the Code. We will not be considered closely held if no more than 50% in value
of our outstanding shares is actually or constructively
13
owned by five or fewer individuals (as determined by applying certain attribution rules under
the Code) during the last half of a taxable year (other than the first year for which an election
to be treated as a REIT has been made) or during a proportionate part of a shorter taxable year. In
addition, in order for us to qualify as a REIT, we must satisfy two gross income tests that require
us to derive a certain percentage of our income from certain qualifying sources, including rents
from real property. If we, or an owner of 10% or more of our shares, actually or constructively
owns 10% or more of one of our tenants (or a tenant of any partnership in which we are a partner),
the rent we receive (either directly or through any such partnership) from such tenant (referred to
in this section as a Related Party Tenant) will not be treated as qualifying rent for purposes of
the REIT gross income tests. Moreover, in order for us to qualify as a REIT, at least 100 persons
must beneficially own our shares during 335 or more days of a taxable year of twelve months or
during a proportionate part of a shorter taxable year (other than the first year for which we
elected to be treated as a REIT).
In order to assist us in preserving our REIT status, our Declaration of Trust prohibits:
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any person from actually or constructively owning our shares that would cause us
to be closely held under Section 856(h) of the Code or otherwise cause us to fail to
qualify as a REIT, including by reason of receiving rents from tenants that are Related
Party Tenants in an amount that would cause us to fail to satisfy one or both of the
REIT gross income tests, and |
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any person from transferring our shares if the transfer would cause our shares to
be owned by fewer than 100 persons. |
In addition, to assist us in avoiding a transfer of shares that would cause us to become
closely held or the receipt of rent from a Related Party Tenant, our Declaration of Trust, as
amended, subject to customary exceptions, provides that no holder may actually or constructively
own more than the ownership limit as determined by applying certain attribution rules under the
Code. The ownership limit means:
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with respect to our common shares, 9.8%, in value or number of shares, whichever
is more restrictive, of our outstanding common shares, and |
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with respect to any class or series of our preferred shares, 9.8%, in value or
number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of the
applicable class or series of our preferred shares. |
The attribution rules under the Code are complex and may cause common shares actually or
constructively owned by a group of related individuals and/or entities to be treated as being
constructively owned by one individual or entity. As a result, the acquisition by an individual or
entity of less than 9.8% of our common shares (or the acquisition by an individual or entity of an
interest in an entity that actually or constructively owns our common shares) could cause such
individual or entity, or another individual or entity, to constructively own in excess of 9.8% of
our outstanding common shares and, thus, subject those common shares to the ownership limit.
Our board of trustees may, in its sole discretion and upon the vote of 75% of its members,
grant an exemption from the ownership limit with respect to a person (or more than one person) who
would not be treated as an individual for purposes of the Code if such person submits to the
board information satisfactory to the board, in its reasonable discretion, demonstrating that:
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such person is not an individual for purposes of the Code, |
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such persons share ownership will not cause a person who is an individual to
be treated as owning common shares in excess of the ownership limit, applying the
attribution rules under the Code, and |
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such persons share ownership will not otherwise jeopardize our REIT status. |
As a condition of a waiver, our board of trustees may, in its reasonable discretion, require
undertakings or representations from such person to ensure that the conditions described above are
satisfied and will continue to be satisfied for as long as such person owns shares in excess of the
ownership limit.
Under some circumstances, our board of trustees may, in its sole discretion and upon the vote
of 75% of its members, grant an exemption for individuals to acquire preferred shares in excess of
the ownership limit.
Our board of trustees also has the authority to increase the ownership limit from time to
time, but it does not have the authority to do so to the extent that, after giving effect to an
increase, five beneficial owners of our common shares could
14
beneficially own in the aggregate more than 49.5% of our outstanding common shares.
Any person who acquires, or attempts or intends to acquire, actual or constructive ownership
of our shares that violates or may violate any of the foregoing restrictions on transferability and
ownership will be required to give notice to us immediately and provide us with any information
that we may request in order to determine the effect of the transfer on our REIT status.
If any purported transfer of our shares or any other event would otherwise result in any
person violating the ownership limit or the other restrictions in our Declaration of Trust, then
the purported transfer will be void and of no force or effect with respect to the purported
transferee as to that number of shares that exceeds the ownership limit and the purported
transferee will acquire no right or interest (or, in the case of any event other than a purported
transfer, the person or entity holding record title to any shares in excess of the ownership limit
will cease to own any right or interest) in those excess shares. Any excess shares described above
will be transferred automatically, by operation of law, to a trust, the beneficiary of which will
be a qualified charitable organization selected by us. This automatic transfer will be deemed to be
effective as of the close of business on the business day (as defined in our Declaration of Trust)
prior to the date of the violating transfer.
Within 20 days of receiving notice from us of the transfer of shares to the trust, the trustee
of the trust (who will be designated by us and will be unaffiliated to us and the purported
transferee or owner) will be required to sell the excess shares to a person or entity who could own
those shares without violating the ownership limit and distribute to the purported transferee an
amount equal to the lesser of the price paid by the purported transferee for the excess shares or
the sales proceeds received by the trust for the excess shares. In the case of any excess shares
resulting from any event other than a transfer, or from a transfer for no consideration (such as a
gift), the trustee will be required to sell the excess shares to a qualified person or entity and
distribute to the purported owner an amount equal to the lesser of the fair market value of the
excess shares as of the date of the event or the sales proceeds received by the trust for the
excess shares. In either case, any proceeds in excess of the amount distributable to the purported
transferee or owner, as applicable, will be distributed to the beneficiary of the trust.
Prior to a sale of any excess shares by the trust, the trustee will be entitled to receive, in
trust for the beneficiary, all dividends and other distributions paid by us with respect to the
excess shares, and also will be entitled to exercise all voting rights with respect to the excess
shares. Subject to Maryland law, effective as of the date that the shares have been transferred to
the trust, the trustee will have the authority (at the trustees sole discretion and subject to
applicable law) (1) to rescind as void any vote cast by a purported transferee prior to the
discovery by us that its shares have been transferred to the trust and (2) to recast votes in
accordance with the desires of the trustee acting for the benefit of the beneficiary of the trust.
Any dividend or other distribution paid to the purported transferee or owner (prior to the
discovery by us that its shares had been automatically transferred to a trust as described above)
will be required to be repaid to the trustee upon demand for distribution to the beneficiary of the
trust.
If the transfer to the trust as described above is not automatically effective (for any
reason) to prevent violation of the ownership limit, then our Declaration of Trust provides that
the transfer of the excess shares will be void.
In addition, our shares held in the trust will be deemed to have been offered for sale to us,
or our designee, at a price per share equal to the lesser of (1) the price per share in the
transaction that resulted in the transfer to the trust (or, in the case of a devise or gift, the
fair market value at the time of that devise or gift) and (2) the fair market value of such shares
on the date we, or our designee, accept the offer. We will have the right to accept the offer until
the trustee has sold the shares of beneficial interest held in the trust. Upon the sale to us, the
interest of the beneficiary in the shares sold will terminate and the trustee will distribute the
net proceeds of the sale to the purported owner.
All certificates evidencing our shares will bear a legend referring to the restrictions
described above and a statement that we will furnish a copy of our Declaration of Trust to a
shareholder on request and without charge.
All persons who own, either actually or constructively by application of the attribution rules
under the Code, more than 5% (or other percentage between 1/2 of 1% and 5% as provided in
applicable rules and regulations under the Code) of the lesser of the number or value of our
outstanding shares must give a written notice to us by January 30 of each year. In addition, each
shareholder will, upon demand, be required to disclose to us in writing information with respect to
the direct, indirect and constructive ownership of our shares that our board of trustees deems
reasonably necessary to comply with the provisions of the Code applicable to a REIT, to comply with
the requirements of any taxing authority or governmental agency or to determine our compliance with
such provisions or requirements.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED SHARES
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The following description of the preferred shares, which may be offered pursuant to a
prospectus supplement, sets forth certain general terms and provisions of the preferred shares to
which any prospectus supplement may relate. The particular terms of the preferred shares being
offered and the extent to which such general provisions may or may not apply will be described in a
prospectus supplement relating to such preferred shares. The statements below describing the
preferred shares are in all respects subject to and qualified in their entirety by reference to the
applicable provisions of our Declaration of Trust, as amended (including any articles supplementary
setting forth the terms of the preferred shares), and our Bylaws.
Subject to limitations prescribed by Maryland law and our Declaration of Trust, as amended,
our board of trustees is authorized to fix the number of shares constituting each class or series
of preferred shares and to set or fix the terms, preferences, conversion or other rights, voting
powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends or other distributions, qualifications and terms
or conditions of redemption of each such class or series. The preferred shares will, when issued,
be fully paid and nonassessable and will have no preemptive rights.
Pursuant to our Declaration of Trust, our board of trustees may authorize the issuance of up
to 10,000,000 preferred shares of beneficial interest, par value $.01 per share, in one or more
classes or series and may classify any unissued preferred shares and reclassify any previously
classified but unissued preferred shares of any class or series. All previously issued and
outstanding preferred shares have been reacquired by us and restored to the status of undesignated
preferred shares.
The register and transfer agent for any preferred shares will be set forth in the applicable
prospectus supplement.
Reference is made to the prospectus supplement relating to the preferred shares offered
thereby for specific terms, including:
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the title and stated value of such preferred shares; |
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the number of such preferred shares being offered, the liquidation preference per
share and the offering price of such preferred shares; |
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the distribution rate(s), period(s) and/or payment date(s) or method(s) of
calculation thereof applicable to such preferred shares; |
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the date from which distributions on such preferred shares shall accumulate, if
applicable; |
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the procedures for any auction and remarketing, if any, for such preferred shares; |
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the provision for a sinking fund, if any, for such preferred shares; |
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the provisions for redemption, if applicable, of such preferred shares; |
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any listing of such preferred shares on any securities exchange; |
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the terms and conditions, if applicable, upon which such preferred shares will be
convertible into common shares, including the conversion price (or manner of calculation
thereof); |
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a discussion of United States federal income tax considerations applicable to such
preferred shares; |
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the relative ranking and preferences of such preferred shares as to distribution
rights (including whether any liquidation preference as to the preferred shares will be
treated as a liability for purposes of determining the availability of assets of ours
for distributions to holders of common or preferred shares remaining junior to the
preferred shares as to distribution rights) and rights upon liquidation, dissolution or
winding up of our affairs; |
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any limitations on issuance of any class or series of preferred shares ranking senior
to or on a parity with such class or series of preferred shares as to distribution
rights and rights upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs; |
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any limitations on direct or beneficial ownership and restrictions on transfer of
such preferred shares, in each case as may be appropriate to preserve our status as a
REIT; and |
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any other specific terms, preferences, rights, limitations or restrictions of such
preferred shares. |
Rank
Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, the preferred shares will,
with respect to distribution rights and/or rights upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, rank
(i) senior to all classes or series of common shares, and to all equity securities ranking junior
to such preferred shares with respect to our distribution rights and/or rights upon liquidation,
dissolution or winding up of, as the case may be; (ii) on a parity with all equity securities
issued by us the terms of which specifically provide that such equity securities rank on a parity
with the preferred shares with respect to distribution rights and/or rights upon liquidation,
dissolution or winding up, as the case may be; and (iii) junior to all equity securities issued by
us the terms of which specifically provide that such equity securities rank senior to the preferred
shares with respect to distribution rights and/or rights upon liquidation, dissolution or winding
up, as the case may be.
Distributions
Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, holders of preferred
shares will be entitled to receive, when, as and if authorized by our board of trustees, out of
assets of ours legally available for payment, cash distributions at such rates (or method of
calculation thereof) and on such dates as will be set forth in the applicable prospectus
supplement. Each such distribution shall be payable to holders of record as they appear on our
stock transfer books on such record dates as shall be fixed by our board of trustees.
Distributions on any class or series of the preferred shares may be cumulative or
non-cumulative, as provided in the applicable prospectus supplement. Distributions, if cumulative,
will be cumulative from and after the date set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement. If
our board of trustees fails to authorize a distribution payable on a distribution payment date on
any class or series of the preferred shares for which distributions are noncumulative, then the
holders of such class or series of the preferred shares will have no right to receive a
distribution in respect of the distribution period ending on such distribution payment date, and we
will have no obligation to pay the distribution accrued for such period, whether or not
distributions on such class or series are authorized for payment on any future distribution payment
date.
Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, if any preferred shares of
any class or series are outstanding, no full distributions will be authorized or paid or set apart
for payment on the preferred shares of ours of any other class or series ranking, as to
distributions, on a parity with or junior to the preferred shares of such class or series for any
period unless (i) if such class or series of preferred shares has a cumulative distribution, full
cumulative distributions have been or contemporaneously are authorized and paid or authorized and a
sum sufficient for the payment thereof set apart for such payment on the preferred shares of such
class or series for all past distribution periods and the then current distribution period or (ii)
if such class or series of preferred shares does not have a cumulative distribution, full
distributions for the then current distribution period have been or contemporaneously are
authorized and paid or authorized and a sum sufficient for the payment thereof set apart for such
payment on the preferred shares of such class or series. When distributions are not paid in full
(or a sum sufficient for such full payment is not so set apart) upon the preferred shares of any
class or series and the shares of any other class or series of preferred shares ranking on a parity
as to distributions with the preferred shares of such class or series, all distributions authorized
upon the preferred shares of such class or series and any other class or series of preferred shares
ranking on a parity as to distributions with such preferred shares shall be authorized pro rata so
that the amount of distributions authorized per share on the preferred shares of such class or
series and such other class or series of preferred shares shall in all cases bear to each other the
same ratio that accrued and unpaid distributions per share on the preferred shares of such class or
series (which shall not include any accumulation in respect of unpaid distributions for prior
distribution periods if such preferred shares do not have a cumulative distribution) and such other
class or series of preferred shares bear to each other. No interest, or sum of money in lieu of
interest, shall be payable in respect of any distribution payment or payments on preferred shares
of such class or series which may be in arrears.
Except as provided in the immediately preceding paragraph, or in the applicable prospectus
supplement, unless (i) if such class or series of preferred shares has a cumulative distribution,
full cumulative distributions on the preferred shares of such class or series have been or
contemporaneously are authorized and paid or authorized and a sum sufficient for the payment
thereof set apart for payment for all past distribution periods and the then current distribution
period and (ii) if such class or series of preferred shares does not have a cumulative
distribution, full distributions on the preferred shares of such class or series have been or
contemporaneously are authorized and paid or authorized and a sum sufficient for the payment
thereof set apart for payment for the then current distribution period, no distributions (other
than in common shares or other shares of beneficial interest ranking junior to the preferred shares
of such class or series as to distributions and upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our
affairs) shall be authorized or paid or set aside for payment or other distribution upon the common
shares or any other shares of beneficial interest of us ranking junior to or on a parity with the
preferred
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shares of such class or series as to distributions or upon liquidation, dissolution or winding
up of our affairs, nor shall any common shares or any other shares of beneficial interest ranking
junior to or on a parity with the preferred shares of such class or series as to distributions or
upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs be redeemed, purchased or otherwise
acquired for any consideration (or any moneys be paid to or made available for a sinking fund for
the redemption of any shares of beneficial interest) by us (except by conversion into or exchange
for other shares of beneficial interest ranking junior to the preferred shares of such class or
series as to distributions and upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs).
Any distribution payment made on a class or series of preferred shares shall first be credited
against the earliest accrued but unpaid distribution due with respect to shares of such class or
series which remains payable.
Redemption
If so provided in the applicable prospectus supplement, the preferred shares of any class or
series will be subject to mandatory redemption or redemption at our option, as a whole or in part,
in each case upon the terms, at the times and at the redemption prices set forth in such prospectus
supplement.
The prospectus supplement relating to a class or series of preferred shares that is subject to
mandatory redemption will specify the number of such preferred shares that will be redeemed by us
in each year commencing after a date to be specified, at a redemption price per share to be
specified, together with an amount equal to all accrued and unpaid distributions thereon (which
shall not, if such preferred shares does not have a cumulative distribution, include any
accumulation in respect of unpaid distributions for prior distribution periods) to the date of
redemption. The redemption price may be payable in cash or other property, as specified in the
applicable prospectus supplement. If the redemption price for preferred shares of any class or
series is payable only from the net proceeds of the issuance of shares of beneficial interest, the
terms of such preferred shares may provide that, if no such shares of beneficial interest shall
have been issued or to the extent the net proceeds from any issuance are insufficient to pay in
full the aggregate redemption price then due, such preferred shares shall automatically and
mandatorily be converted into shares of the applicable shares of beneficial interest pursuant to
conversion provisions specified in the applicable prospectus supplement.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, but subject to the provisions of the applicable prospectus
supplement, unless (i) if such class or series of preferred shares has a cumulative distribution,
full cumulative distributions on all shares of such class or series have been or contemporaneously
are authorized and paid or authorized and a sum sufficient for the payment thereof set apart for
payment for all past distribution periods and the then current distribution period and (ii) if such
class or series of preferred shares does not have a cumulative distribution, full distributions on
all shares of such class or series have been or contemporaneously are authorized and paid or
authorized and a sum sufficient for the payment thereof set apart for payment for the then current
distribution period, no shares of such class or series of preferred shares shall be redeemed unless
all outstanding preferred shares of such class or series are simultaneously redeemed; provided,
however, that the foregoing shall not prevent the purchase or acquisition of preferred shares of
such class or series pursuant to a purchase or exchange offer made on the same terms to holders of
all outstanding preferred shares of such class or series, and, unless (a) if such class or series
of preferred shares has a cumulative distribution, full cumulative distributions on all outstanding
shares of such class or series have been or contemporaneously are authorized and paid or authorized
and a sum sufficient for the payment thereof set apart for payment for all past distribution
periods and the then current distribution period and (b) if such class or series of preferred
shares does not have a cumulative distribution, full distributions on all shares of such class or
series have been or contemporaneously are authorized and paid or authorized and a sum sufficient
for the payment thereof set apart for payment for the then current distribution period, we shall
not purchase or otherwise acquire directly or indirectly any preferred shares of such class or
series (except by conversion into or exchange for shares of beneficial interest ranking junior to
the preferred shares of such class or series as to distributions and upon liquidation).
If fewer than all of the outstanding preferred shares of any class or series are to be
redeemed, the number of shares to be redeemed will be determined by us and such shares may be
redeemed pro rata from the holders of record of such shares in proportion to the number of such
shares held by such holders (with adjustments to avoid redemption of fractional shares) or any
other equitable method determined by us.
Unless otherwise provided in the applicable prospectus supplement, a notice of redemption will
be mailed at least 30 days but not more than 60 days before the redemption date to each holder of
record of preferred shares of any class or series to be redeemed at the address shown on our stock
transfer books. Each notice shall state: (i) the redemption date, (ii) the number of shares and
class or series of the preferred shares to be redeemed, (iii) the redemption price, (iv) the place
or places where certificates for such preferred shares are to be surrendered for payment of the
redemption price, (v) that distributions on the shares to be redeemed will cease to accrue on such
redemption date, and (vi) the date upon which the holders conversion rights, if any, as to such
shares shall terminate. If fewer than all the preferred shares of any class or
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series are to be redeemed, the notice mailed to each such holder thereof shall also specify
the number of preferred shares to be redeemed from each such holder. If notice of redemption of
any preferred shares has been properly given and if the funds necessary for such redemption have
been irrevocably set aside by us in trust for the benefit of the holders of any preferred shares so
called for redemption, then from and after the redemption date distributions will cease to accrue
on such preferred shares, such preferred shares shall no longer be deemed outstanding and all
rights of the holders of such shares will terminate, except the right to receive the redemption
price. Any moneys so deposited which remain unclaimed by the holders of such preferred shares at
the end of two years after the redemption date will be returned by the applicable bank or trust
company to us.
Liquidation Preference
Unless otherwise provided in the applicable prospectus supplement, upon any voluntary or
involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs, then, before any distribution or
payment shall be made to the holders of any common shares or any other class or series of shares of
beneficial interest ranking junior to any class or series of preferred shares in the distribution
of assets upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the holders of such class or series of
preferred shares shall be entitled to receive, after payment or provision for payment of our debts
and other liabilities, out of our assets legally available for distribution to shareholders,
liquidating distributions in the amount of the liquidation preference per share (set forth in the
applicable prospectus supplement), plus an amount equal to all distributions accrued and unpaid
thereon (which shall not include any accumulation in respect of unpaid distributions for prior
distribution periods if such preferred shares do not have a cumulative distribution). After
payment of the full amount of the liquidating distributions to which they are entitled, the holders
of such class or series of preferred shares will have no right or claim to any of the remaining
assets of ours. In the event that, upon any such voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution
or winding up, our legally available assets are insufficient to pay the amount of the liquidating
distributions on all such outstanding preferred shares and the corresponding amounts payable on all
of our shares of other classes or series of shares of beneficial interest of ranking on a parity
with such class or series of preferred shares in the distribution of assets upon liquidation,
dissolution or winding up, then the holders of such class or series of preferred shares and all
other such classes or series of shares of beneficial interest shall share ratably in any such
distribution of assets in proportion to the full liquidating distributions to which they would
otherwise be respectively entitled.
If the liquidating distributions shall have been made in full to all holders of a class or
series of preferred shares, the remaining assets of ours shall be distributed among the holders of
any other classes or series of shares of beneficial interest ranking junior to such class or series
of preferred shares upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, according to their respective
rights and preferences and in each case according to their respective number of shares. For
purposes of this section, a distribution of assets in any dissolution, winding up or liquidation
will not include (i) any consolidation or merger of us with or into any other corporation, (ii) our
dissolution, liquidation, winding up, or reorganization immediately followed by organization of
another entity to which such assets are distributed or (iii) a sale or other disposition of all or
substantially all of our assets to another entity; provided that, in each case, effective provision
is made in the charter of the resulting and surviving entity or otherwise for the recognition,
preservation and protection of the rights of the holders of preferred shares.
Voting Rights
Holders of any class or series of preferred shares will not have any voting rights, except as
set forth below or as otherwise indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement.
Unless provided otherwise for any class or series of preferred shares, so long as any
preferred shares remain outstanding, we will not, without the affirmative vote or consent of the
holders of a majority of the shares of each class or series of preferred shares outstanding at the
time, given in person or by proxy, either in writing or at a meeting (such class or series voting
separately as a class or series), (i) authorize, create or issue, or increase the authorized or issued amount
of, any class or series of shares of beneficial interest ranking prior to such class or series of
preferred shares with respect to payment of distributions or the distribution of assets upon
liquidation, dissolution or winding up, or reclassify any authorized shares of beneficial interest
into any such shares, or create, authorize or issue any obligation or security convertible into or
evidencing the right to purchase any such shares; or (ii) amend, alter or repeal the provisions of
the Declaration of Trust, as amended, including the applicable articles supplementary for such
class or series of preferred shares, whether by merger, consolidation or otherwise, so as to
materially and adversely affect any right, preference, privilege or voting power of such class or
series of preferred shares or the holders thereof; provided, however, that any increase in the
amount of the authorized preferred shares or the creation or issuance of any other class or series
of preferred shares, or any increase in the amount of authorized shares of such class or series or
any other class or series of preferred shares, in each case ranking on a parity with or junior to
the preferred shares of such class or series with respect to payment of distributions or the
distribution of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, shall not be deemed to
materially and adversely affect such rights, preferences, privileges or voting powers.
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The foregoing voting provisions will not apply if, at or prior to the time when the act with
respect to which such vote would otherwise be required shall be affected, all outstanding shares of
such class or series of preferred shares shall have been redeemed or called for redemption upon
proper notice and sufficient funds shall have been irrevocably deposited in trust to effect such
redemption.
Whenever distributions on any preferred shares shall be in arrears for six or more consecutive
quarterly periods, the holders of such preferred shares (voting
together as a class or series with all other
class or series of preferred shares upon which like voting rights have been conferred and are
exercisable) will be entitled to vote for the election of two additional trustees of ours until,
(i) if such class or series of preferred shares has a cumulative distribution, all distributions
accumulated on such preferred shares for the past distribution periods and the then current
distribution period shall have been fully paid or authorized and a sum sufficient for the payment
thereof set aside for payment or (ii) if such class or series of preferred shares does not have a
cumulative distribution, four consecutive quarterly distributions shall have been fully paid or
authorized and a sum sufficient for the payment thereof set aside for payment. In such case, our
entire board of trustees will be increased by two trustees.
Conversion Rights
The terms and conditions, if any, upon which any class or series of preferred shares are
convertible into common shares will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement relating
thereto. Such terms will include the number of common shares into which the preferred shares are
convertible, the conversion price (or manner of calculation thereof), the conversion period,
provisions as to whether conversion will be at the option of the holders of the preferred shares or
us, the events requiring an adjustment of the conversion price and provisions affecting conversion
in the event of the redemption of such preferred shares.
Restrictions on Transfer
For us to qualify as a REIT under the Code, not more than 50% in value of its outstanding
shares of beneficial interest may be owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals
(as defined in the Code) during the last half of a taxable year, and the shares of beneficial
interest must be beneficially owned by 100 or more persons during at least 335 days of a taxable
year of 12 months (or during a proportionate part of a shorter taxable year). Therefore, the
Declaration of Trust, as amended, imposes certain restrictions on the ownership and transferability
of preferred shares. For a general description of such restrictions, see Description of Common
Shares Restrictions on Ownership and Transfer. All certificates evidencing preferred shares
will bear a legend referring to these restrictions.
DESCRIPTION OF WARRANTS
We have no outstanding warrants to purchase our common shares or outstanding warrants to
purchase our preferred shares. We may issue warrants for the purchase of common shares or preferred
shares. We may issue warrants independently or together with any other securities offered by any
prospectus supplement, and the warrants may be attached to or separate from such securities. Each
series of warrants will be issued under a separate warrant agreement, which we will enter into with
a warrant agent specified in the applicable prospectus supplement. The warrant agent will act
solely as our agent in connection with the applicable warrants and will not assume any obligation
or relationship of agency or trust for or with any holders or beneficial owners of the warrants.
The following summary is not complete and is subject to and qualified in its entirety by the
provisions of the warrant agreement and the warrant certificates relating to each series of
warrants which will be filed with the SEC and incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the
registration statement of which this prospectus is a part at or prior to the time of the issuance
of such series of warrants.
The prospectus supplement relating to any warrants we are offering will describe the specific
terms relating to the offering, including some or all of the following:
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the title of the warrants, |
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the offering price, |
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the exercise price of the warrants, |
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the aggregate number of common or preferred shares purchasable upon exercise
of the warrants and, in the case of warrants for preferred shares, the designation,
aggregate number and terms of the class or series of preferred shares purchasable upon
exercise of the warrants, |
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the designation and terms of any class or series of preferred shares with
which the warrants are being offered and the number of warrants being offered with such
preferred shares, |
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the date, if any, on and after which the warrants and any related class or
series of common shares or preferred shares will be transferable separately, |
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the date on which the right to exercise the warrants will commence and the date on which
such right shall expire, |
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any federal income tax considerations, and |
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any other material terms of the warrants. |
DESCRIPTION OF RIGHTS
We may from time to time, issue rights to our shareholders for the purchase of common shares,
preferred shares or other securities. Each series of rights will be issued under a separate rights
agreement to be entered into between the Company, from time to time, and a bank or trust company,
as rights agent, all as set forth in the prospectus supplement relating to the particular issue of
rights. The rights agent will act solely as an agent of ours in connection with the certificates
relating to the rights and will not assume any obligation or relationship of agency or trust for or
with any holders of rights certificates or beneficial owners of rights. The rights agreement and
the rights certificates relating to each series of rights will be filed with the SEC and
incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a
part at or prior to the time of the issuance of such series of rights.
The applicable prospectus supplement will describe the terms of the rights to be issued,
including the following where applicable:
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the date for determining the shareholders entitled to the rights distribution; |
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the aggregate number of common shares or other securities purchasable upon exercise
of the rights and the exercise price and any adjustments to such exercise price; |
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the aggregate number of rights being issued; |
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the date, if any, on and after which the rights may be transferable separately; |
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the date on which the right to exercise the rights shall commence and the date on
which the right shall expire; |
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any special United States federal income tax consequences; and |
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any other terms of the rights, including terms, procedures and limitations relating
to the distribution, exchange and exercise of the rights. |
CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF MARYLAND LAW AND
OF OUR DECLARATION OF TRUST AND AMENDED AND RESTATED BYLAWS
The following description of certain provisions of Maryland law and of our Declaration of
Trust and Bylaws is only a summary. For a complete description, we refer you to Maryland law, our
Declaration of Trust and our Bylaws. See Where You Can Find More Information.
Classification Of The Board Of Trustees
Our Declaration of Trust and Bylaws provide that our board of trustees will establish the
number of trustees. Our board of trustees currently comprises seven trustees. Our Bylaws also
provide that a majority of the entire board of trustees may increase or decrease the number of
trustees serving on our board of trustees. Any vacancy on our board of trustees, other than a
vacancy created as a result of the removal of any trustee by the action of the shareholders, shall
be filled, at any regular meeting or at any special meeting called for that purpose, by the
majority of the remaining trustees.
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Pursuant to our Declaration of Trust, our board of trustees is divided into three classes of
trustees. Trustees of each class are chosen for three-year terms upon the expiration of their
current terms and each year one class of trustees will be elected by the shareholders. We intend to
propose an amendment to our Declaration of Trust to declassify our board of trustees (so that
trustees would be elected annually, for one year terms) at our 2009 annual meeting of shareholders.
Holders of our common shares have no right to cumulative voting in the election of trustees.
Consequently, at each annual meeting of shareholders, the holders of a majority of our common
shares are able to elect all of the successors of the class of trustees whose terms expire at that
meeting.
The classified board provision could have the effect of making the replacement of incumbent
trustees more time-consuming and difficult. At least two annual meetings of shareholders, instead
of one, will generally be required to effect a change in a majority of the board of trustees. Thus,
the classified board provision could increase the likelihood that incumbent trustees will retain
their positions. The staggered terms of trustees may delay, defer or prevent a tender offer or an
attempt to change control, even though the tender offer or change in control might be in the best
interest of our shareholders.
Removal Of Trustees
Our Declaration of Trust provides that, subject to any rights of holders of one or more
classes or series of preferred shares to elect one or more trustees, any trustee may be removed at
any time, with or without cause, at a meeting of the shareholders, by the affirmative vote of the
holders of not less than two-thirds of the shares then outstanding and entitled to vote generally
in the election of trustees. If any trustee shall be so removed, our shareholders may take action
to fill the vacancy so created. An individual so elected as trustee by the shareholders shall hold
office for the unexpired term of the trustee whose removal created the vacancy.
Business Combinations
Under Maryland law, business combinations between a Maryland real estate investment trust
and an interested shareholder or an affiliate of an interested shareholder are prohibited for five
years after the most recent date on which the interested shareholder becomes an interested
shareholder. These business combinations include, among other things specified in the statute, a
merger, consolidation, share exchange, or, in circumstances specified in the statute, an asset
transfer or issuance or reclassification of equity securities. An interested shareholder is
defined as:
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any person who beneficially owns ten percent or more of the voting power of the
trusts shares; or |
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an affiliate or associate of the trust who, at any time within the two-year period
prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner of ten percent or more of the
voting power of the then outstanding voting shares of the trust. |
A person is not an interested shareholder under the statute if the board of trustees approved
in advance the transaction by which such person or entity otherwise would have become an interested
shareholder. However, in approving a transaction, the board of trustees may provide that its
approval is subject to compliance, at or after the time of approval, with any terms and conditions
determined by the board of trustees.
After the five-year prohibition, any business combination between the Maryland trust and an
interested shareholder generally must be recommended by the board of trustees of the trust and
approved by the affirmative vote of at least:
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80% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of outstanding voting shares of the
trust; and |
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two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of voting shares of the trust
other than shares held by the interested shareholder with whom or with whose affiliate
the business combination is to be effected or held by an affiliate or associate of the
interested shareholder. |
These super-majority vote requirements do not apply if the trusts common shareholders receive
a minimum price, as defined under Maryland law, for their shares in the form of cash or other
consideration in the same form as previously paid by the interested shareholder for its shares.
The statute permits various exemptions from its provisions, including business combinations
that are exempted by the board of trustees before the time that the interested shareholder becomes
an interested shareholder. Pursuant to the statute, our board of trustees has adopted a resolution
that any business combination between us and any other person or entity is exempted from the
provisions of the statute described in the preceding paragraphs. This resolution, however, may be
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altered or repealed, in whole or in part, by our board of trustees at any time.
The business combination statute may discourage others from trying to acquire control of us
and increase the difficulty of consummating any offer.
Control Share Acquisitions
Maryland law provides that control shares of a Maryland real estate investment trust acquired
in a control share acquisition have no voting rights except to the extent approved by a vote of
two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. Shares owned by the acquiror, by
officers or by trustees who are employees of the trust are excluded from shares entitled to vote on
the matter. Control shares are voting shares which, if aggregated with all other shares owned by
the acquiror or in respect of which the acquiror is able to exercise or direct the exercise of
voting power (except solely by virtue of a revocable proxy), would entitle the acquiror to exercise
voting power in electing trustees within one of the following ranges of voting power:
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one-tenth or more but less than one-third; |
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one-third or more but less than a majority; or |
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a majority or more of all voting power. |
Control shares do not include shares the acquiring person is then entitled to vote as a result of
having previously obtained shareholder approval. A control share acquisition means the acquisition
of control shares, subject to certain exceptions.
A person who has made or proposes to make a control share acquisition may compel the board of
trustees of the trust to call a special meeting of shareholders to be held within 50 days of demand
to consider the voting rights of the shares. The right to compel the calling of a special meeting
is subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, including an undertaking to pay the expenses
of the meeting. If no request for a meeting is made, the trust may itself present the question at
any shareholders meeting.
If voting rights are not approved at the meeting or if the acquiring person does not deliver
an acquiring person statement as required by the statute, then the trust may redeem for fair value
any or all of the control shares, except those for which voting rights have previously been
approved. The right of the trust to redeem control shares is subject to certain conditions and
limitations. Fair value is determined, without regard to the absence of voting rights for the
control shares, as of the date of the last control share acquisition by the acquiror or of any
meeting of shareholders at which the voting rights of the shares are considered and not approved.
If voting rights for control shares are approved at a shareholders meeting and the acquiror becomes
entitled to vote a majority of the shares entitled to vote, all other shareholders may exercise
appraisal rights. The fair value of the shares as determined for purposes of appraisal rights may
not be less than the highest price per share paid by the acquiror in the control share acquisition.
The control share acquisition statute does not apply (i) to shares acquired in a merger,
consolidation or share exchange if the trust is a party to the transaction or (ii) to acquisitions
approved or exempted by the declaration of trust or bylaws of the trust.
Our Bylaws contain a provision exempting from the control share acquisition statute any and
all acquisitions by any person of our shares. This provision of our Bylaws may not be repealed or
amended, nor may another provision that is inconsistent with this provision be adopted in either
our Bylaws or our Declaration of Trust, except upon the affirmative vote of a majority of all the
votes cast by our shareholders at a meeting of shareholders duly called and at which a quorum is
present.
Merger; Amendment To The Declaration Of Trust
Under Maryland law, a Maryland REIT generally cannot amend its declaration of trust or merge
with another entity, unless approved by the affirmative vote of shareholders holding at least
two-thirds of the shares entitled to vote on the matter. However, a Maryland REIT may provide in
its declaration of trust for approval of these matters by a lesser percentage, but not less than a
majority of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. Our Declaration of Trust does not
provide for a lesser percentage of shareholder votes for approval of a merger but does provide that
most amendments to our Declaration of Trust may be approved by the affirmative vote of a majority
of all votes entitled to be cast by our shareholders on the matter. However, amendments to
provisions of our Declaration of Trust relating to the following: (1) our merger into another
entity, (2) our consolidation with one or more other entities into a new entity, (3) the sale,
lease, exchange or transfer of all or substantially of our assets, or (4) the termination of our
existence must be approved by the affirmative vote of at least two-
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thirds of all votes entitled to be cast by our shareholders on the matter. Under Maryland law,
the declaration of trust of a Maryland real estate investment trust may permit the trustees, by a
two-thirds vote, to amend the declaration of trust from time to time to qualify as a REIT under the
Code or a real estate investment trust under Maryland law governing real estate investment trusts,
without the affirmative vote or written consent of the shareholders. Our Declaration of Trust
permits such action by our board of trustees.
Transfer of Assets; Consolidation
Our Declaration of Trust provides that, subject to the provisions of any class or series of
our shares outstanding, we may merge or consolidate with another entity or entities or sell or
transfer all or substantially all of our property, if such action is approved by our board of
trustees and by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of all of the votes entitled to be cast
by our shareholders on the matter.
Termination Of The Trust
Subject to the provisions of any class or series of our shares at the time outstanding, our
existence may be terminated at any meeting of our shareholders by the affirmative vote of at least
two-thirds of all of the votes entitled to be cast by our shareholders on the matter.
Advance Notice Of Trustee Nominations And New Business
Our Bylaws provide that with respect to an annual meeting of shareholders, nominations of
persons for election to the board of trustees and the proposal of business to be considered by our
shareholders may be made only (1) pursuant to our notice of the meeting, (2) by or at the direction
of our board of trustees or (3) by any shareholder who was a shareholder of record both at the time
of giving notice and at the time of the annual meeting, who is entitled to vote at the meeting and
who has complied with the advance notice procedures of our Bylaws. With respect to special meetings
of shareholders, only the business specified in our notice of the meeting may be brought before the
special meeting. Nominations of persons for election to the board of trustees at a special meeting
may be made only (1) pursuant to our notice of the meeting, (2) by or at the direction of our board
of trustees, or (3) provided that the board of trustees has determined that trustees shall be
elected at such special meeting, by any shareholder who was a shareholder of record both at the
time of giving of notice and at the time of the special meeting, who is entitled to vote at the
meeting and who has complied with the advance notice provisions of our Bylaws.
Unsolicited Takeovers. Under certain provisions of Maryland law relating to unsolicited
takeovers, a Maryland corporation or real estate investment trust with a class of equity securities
registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and at least three independent
directors may elect to be subject to certain statutory provisions relating to unsolicited takeovers
which, among other things, would automatically classify our board of trustees into three classes
with staggered terms of three years each and vest in our board of trustees the exclusive right to
determine the number of trustees and the exclusive right by the affirmative vote of a majority of
the remaining trustees, to fill vacancies on the board of trustees, even if the remaining trustees
do not constitute a quorum. These statutory provisions also provide that any trustee elected to
fill a vacancy shall hold office for the remainder of the full term of the class of trustees in
which the vacancy occurred, rather than the next annual meeting of trustees as would otherwise be
the case, and until his successor is elected and qualified. Finally, these statutory provisions
provide that a special meeting of shareholders need be called only upon the written request of
shareholders entitled to cast at least a majority of the votes entitled to be cast at the special
meeting.
An election to be subject to any or all of the foregoing statutory provisions may be made in
our Declaration of Trust or Bylaws, or by resolution of our board of trustees. Any such statutory
provision to which we elect to be subject will apply even if other provisions of Maryland law or
our Declaration of Trust or Bylaws provide to the contrary.
Our Declaration of Trust currently classifies our board of trustees into three classes with
staggered terms of three years each. However, if we made an election to be subject to the
statutory provisions described above, our board of trustees would have the exclusive right to
determine the number of trustees and the exclusive right to fill vacancies on the board of
trustees. Moreover, any trustee elected to fill a vacancy would hold office for the remainder of
the full term of the class of trustees in which the vacancy occurred.
We have not elected to become subject to the foregoing statutory provisions relating to
unsolicited takeovers. However, we could, by resolutions adopted by our board of trustees and
without shareholder approval, elect to become subject to any or all of these statutory provisions.
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Anti-Takeover Effect Of Certain Provisions Of Maryland Law, The Declaration Of Trust, And Bylaws
The business combination provisions of Maryland law, if we decide in the future to rescind our
election to be exempt therefrom and, if the applicable provision in our Bylaws is rescinded, the
control share acquisition provisions of Maryland law, the unsolicited takeover provision of
Maryland law if we elect to become subject thereto, the provisions of our Declaration of Trust on
classification of the board of trustees and removal of trustees and the advance notice provisions
of our Bylaws could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change in control that might involve
a premium price for holders of our common shares or otherwise be in their best interest.
CERTAIN FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS
The following is a summary of the material federal income tax consequences and considerations
relating to the acquisition, holding, and disposition of our securities. For purposes of this
discussion under the heading Certain Federal Income Tax Considerations, we, our, us, and
the Company refer to Ramco-Gershenson Properties Trust, but excluding all its subsidiaries and
affiliated entities, and the Operating Partnership refers to Ramco-Gershenson Properties, L.P.
This summary is based upon the Code, the regulations promulgated by the U.S. Treasury Department
(which are referred to in this section as Treasury Regulations), rulings and other administrative
pronouncements issued by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), and judicial decisions, all as
currently in effect, and all of which are subject to differing interpretations or to change,
possibly with retroactive effect. No assurance can be given that the IRS would not assert, or that
a court would not sustain, a position contrary to any description of the tax consequences
summarized below. No advance ruling has been or will be sought from the IRS regarding any matter
discussed in this prospectus. This summary is also based upon the assumption that our operation and
the operation of each of our subsidiaries and affiliated entities will be in accordance with any
applicable organizational documents or partnership or limited liability company operating
agreement. This summary is for general information only, and does not purport to discuss all
aspects of federal income taxation that may be important to a particular investor in light of its
investment or tax circumstances, or to investors subject to special tax rules, such as:
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financial institutions; |
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insurance companies; |
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broker-dealers; |
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regulated investment companies; |
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holders who receive securities through the exercise of employee stock options or
otherwise as compensation; |
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persons holding securities as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion
transaction, synthetic security or other integrated investment; |
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except to the extent discussed below, tax-exempt organizations; and |
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except to the extent discussed below, foreign investors. |
In addition, certain U.S. expatriates, including certain individuals who have lost U.S.
citizenship and long-term residents (within the meaning of Section 877(e)(2) of the Code) who
have ceased to be lawful permanent residents of the United States, are subject to special rules.
If a partnership, including for this purpose any entity treated as a partnership for U.S.
federal income tax purposes, holds stock issued by us, the tax treatment of a partner will
generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership.
This summary assumes that investors will hold their securities as capital assets, which
generally means assets held for investment.
The federal income tax treatment of holders of securities depends in some instances on
determinations of fact and interpretations of complex provisions of federal income tax law for
which no clear precedent or authority may be available. In addition, the tax consequences of
holding securities to any particular holder will depend on the holders particular tax
circumstances. You are urged to consult your own tax advisor regarding the federal, state,
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local, and foreign income and other tax consequences to you (in light of your particular investment
or tax circumstances) of acquiring, holding, exchanging, or otherwise disposing of securities.
Taxation of the Company
We have elected to be a REIT for federal income tax purposes under Sections 856 through 860 of
the Code and applicable provisions of the Treasury Regulations, which set forth the requirements
for qualifying as a REIT. Our policy has been and is to operate in such a manner as to qualify as a
REIT for federal income tax purposes. If we so qualify, then we will generally not be subject to
federal income tax on income we distribute to our shareholders. For any year in which we do not
meet the requirements for qualification as a REIT, we will be taxed as a corporation. See
Failure to Qualify below.
We have received an opinion from Honigman Miller Schwartz and Cohn LLP, our tax counsel, to
the effect that since the commencement of our taxable year which began January 1, 2009, we have
been organized and operated in conformity with the requirements for qualification as a REIT under
the Code, and that our proposed method of operation will enable us to continue to meet the
requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT. A copy of this opinion is filed as an
exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. It must be emphasized
that the opinion of Honigman Miller Schwartz and Cohn LLP is based on various assumptions relating
to our organization and operation, and is conditioned upon representations and covenants made by
our management regarding our assets and the past, present, and future conduct of our business
operations. While we intend to operate so that we will qualify as a REIT, given the highly complex
nature of the rules governing REITs, the ongoing importance of factual determinations, and the
possibility of future changes in our circumstances, no assurance can be given by Honigman Miller
Schwartz and Cohn LLP or by us that we will so qualify for any particular year. The opinion was
expressed as of the date issued and will not cover subsequent periods. Honigman Miller Schwartz and
Cohn LLP will have no obligation to advise us or the holders of our securities of any subsequent
change in the matters stated, represented or assumed, or of any subsequent change in the applicable
law. You should be aware that opinions of counsel are not binding on the IRS or any court, and no
assurance can be given that the IRS will not challenge, or a court will not rule contrary to, the
conclusions set forth in such opinions.
Our qualification and taxation as a REIT depend upon our ability to meet on a continuing
basis, through actual operating results, distribution levels, and diversity of stock ownership,
various qualification requirements imposed upon REITs by the Code, our compliance with which has
not been, and will not be, reviewed by Honigman Miller Schwartz and Cohn LLP. In addition, our
ability to qualify as a REIT depends in part upon the operating results, organizational structure
and entity classification for federal income tax purposes of certain of our affiliated entities,
the status of which may not have been reviewed by Honigman Miller Schwartz and Cohn LLP.
Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the actual results of our operations for any taxable
year satisfy such requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT.
Taxation of REITs in General
As indicated above, our qualification and taxation as a REIT depend upon our ability to meet,
on a continuing basis, various qualification requirements imposed upon REITs by the Code. The
material qualification requirements are summarized below under Requirements for Qualification
General. While we intend to operate so that we qualify as a REIT, no assurance can be given that
the IRS will not challenge our REIT status, or that we will be able to operate in accordance with
the REIT requirements in the future.
As a REIT, we will generally be entitled to a deduction for dividends that we pay and
therefore will not be subject to federal corporate income tax on our net income that is currently
distributed to our shareholders. This treatment substantially eliminates the double taxation at
the corporate and shareholder levels that results from investment in a corporation or an entity
treated as a corporation for federal income tax purposes. Rather, income generated by a REIT
generally is taxed only at the shareholder level upon a distribution of dividends by the REIT. Net
operating losses, foreign tax credits and other tax attributes of a REIT do not pass through to the
shareholders of the REIT, subject to special rules for certain items such as capital gains
recognized by REITs. See Federal Income Taxation of Shareholders below.
As a REIT, we will nonetheless be subject to federal tax in the following circumstances:
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We will be taxed at regular corporate rates on any undistributed income,
including undistributed net capital gains. |
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We may be subject to the alternative minimum tax on our items of tax
preference, and, in computing alternative minimum taxable income subject to such tax,
deductions for net operating losses carried from any other year(s) would be limited. |
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If we have net income from prohibited transactions, which are, in general,
sales or other dispositions of property, other than foreclosure property, held primarily
for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business, such income will be subject to
a 100% excise tax. See Prohibited Transactions and Foreclosure Property below. |
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If we elect to treat property that we acquire in connection with a foreclosure of
a mortgage loan or certain leasehold terminations as foreclosure property, we may
thereby avoid the 100% excise tax on gain from a resale of that property (if the sale
would otherwise constitute a prohibited transaction), but the income from the sale or
operation of the property may be subject to corporate income tax at the highest
applicable rate (currently 35%). |
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We will be subject to a 100% penalty tax on any redetermined rents, redetermined
deductions, or excess interest. In general, redetermined rents are rents from real
property that are overstated as a result of services furnished by a taxable REIT
subsidiary (described below) of ours to any of our tenants. Redetermined deductions and
excess interest represent amounts that are deducted by a taxable REIT subsidiary
(described below) of ours for amounts paid to us that are in excess of the amounts that
would have been charged based on arms-length negotiations. See Redetermined Rents,
Redetermined Deductions, and Excess Interest below. |
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If we should fail to satisfy the 75% gross income test or the 95% gross income
test discussed below, due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect and we
nonetheless maintain our qualification as a REIT as a result of specified cure
provisions, we will be subject to a 100% tax on an amount equal to (1) the amount by
which we fail the 75% gross income test or the amount by which we fail the 95% gross
income test (whichever is greater), multiplied by (2) a fraction intended to reflect our
profitability. |
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If we fail to satisfy any of the REIT asset tests (other than a de minimis
failure of the 5% and 10% asset tests) described below, due to reasonable cause and not
due to willful neglect and we nonetheless maintain our REIT qualification as a result of
specified cure provisions, we will be required to pay a tax equal to the greater of
$50,000 or the highest corporate tax rate multiplied by the net income generated by the
nonqualifying assets that caused us to fail such test. |
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If we fail to satisfy any requirement of the Code for qualifying as a REIT, other
than a failure to satisfy the REIT gross income tests or asset tests, and the failure is
due to reasonable cause, we may retain our REIT qualification but we will be required to
pay a penalty of $50,000 for each such failure. |
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If we should fail to distribute during each calendar year at least the sum of (1)
85% of our REIT ordinary income (i.e., REIT taxable income excluding capital gain
and without regard to the dividends paid deduction) for such year, (2) 95% of our REIT
capital gain net income for such year, and (3) any undistributed taxable income from
prior periods, we would be subject to a 4% excise tax on the excess of such sum over the
aggregate of amounts actually distributed and retained amounts on which income tax is
paid at the corporate level. |
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We may be required to pay monetary penalties to the IRS in certain circumstances,
including if we fail to meet certain record keeping requirements intended to monitor our
compliance with rules relating to the composition of a REITs shareholders, as described
below in Requirements for Qualification General. |
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If we acquire any asset from a subchapter C corporation in a transaction in which
gain or loss is not recognized, and we subsequently recognize gain on the disposition of
any such asset during the ten-year period (to which we refer in this section as the
Recognition Period) beginning on the date on which we acquire the asset, then the
excess of (1) the fair market value of the asset as of the beginning of the Recognition
Period, over (2) our adjusted basis in such asset as of the beginning of such
Recognition Period (to which we refer in this section as Built-in Gain) will generally
be (with certain adjustments) subject to tax at the highest corporate income tax rate.
Similar rules would apply if within the ten-year period beginning on the first day of a
taxable year for which we re-qualify as a REIT after being subject to tax as a
corporation under subchapter C of the Code for more than two years we were to dispose of
any assets that we held on such first day. |
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Certain of our subsidiaries are corporations and their earnings are subject to
corporate income tax. |
In addition, we and our subsidiaries may be subject to a variety of taxes, including payroll
taxes, and state and local income, property and other taxes on our assets and operations. We could
also be subject to tax in situations and on transactions not currently contemplated.
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Requirements for Qualification General
The Code defines a REIT as a corporation, trust or association:
(1) that is managed by one or more trustees or directors;
(2) the beneficial ownership of which is evidenced by transferable shares or by
transferable certificates of beneficial interest;
(3) that would be taxable as a domestic corporation but for the special Code provisions
applicable to REITs;
(4) that is neither a financial institution nor an insurance company subject to certain
provisions of the Code;
(5) the beneficial ownership of which is held by 100 or more persons;
(6) not more than 50% in value of the outstanding stock of which is owned, directly or
indirectly through the application of certain attribution rules, by five or fewer individuals
(as defined in the Code to include certain tax-exempt entities) during the last half of each
taxable year; and
(7) that meets other tests described below, including tests with respect to the nature
of its income and assets and the amount of its distributions.
The Code provides that conditions (1) through (4) must be met during the entire taxable year
and that condition (5) must be met during at least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months, or
during a proportionate part of a taxable year of less than 12 months. We believe that we have been
organized and operated in a manner that has allowed us to satisfy the requirements set forth in (1)
through (7) above. In addition, our Declaration of Trust currently includes certain restrictions
regarding transfer of our shares of beneficial interest which are intended (among other things) to
assist us in continuing to satisfy the share ownership requirements described in (5) and (6) above.
To monitor compliance with the share ownership requirements, we are required to maintain
records regarding the actual ownership of our shares. To do so, we must demand written statements
each year from the record holders of significant percentages of our shares in which the record
holders are to disclose the actual owners of such shares (that is, the persons required to include
in gross income the dividends we paid). A list of those persons failing or refusing to comply with
this demand must be maintained as part of our records. Our failure to comply with these
record-keeping requirements could subject us to monetary penalties. A shareholder that fails or
refuses to comply with the demand is required by Treasury Regulations to submit a statement with
its tax return disclosing the actual ownership of the shares and other information.
In addition, a trust may not elect to become a REIT unless its taxable year is the calendar
year. We satisfy this requirement.
Effect of Subsidiary Entities
Ownership of Partnership Interests. In the case of a REIT that is a partner in a partnership
(treating, as a partner of a partnership for this purpose, a member of a limited liability company
that is classified as a partnership for federal income tax purposes), Treasury Regulations provide
that the REIT will be deemed to own its proportionate share of the assets of the partnership, and
the REIT will be deemed to be entitled to the income of the partnership attributable to such share.
The character of the assets and gross income of the partnership (determined at the level of the
partnership) are the same in the hands of the REIT for purposes of Section 856 of the Code,
including satisfying the gross income and asset tests described below. Accordingly, our
proportionate share of the assets, liabilities, and items of income of the Operating Partnership
and our other subsidiary partnerships (provided that none of the subsidiary partnerships are
taxable as corporations for federal income tax purposes) is treated as our assets, liabilities and
items of income for purposes of applying the requirements described in this summary (including the
gross income and asset tests described below). Commencing with our taxable year beginning January
1, 2005, one exception to the rule described above is that, for purposes of the prohibition against
holding securities having a value greater than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities
of any one issuer discussed under Asset Tests below, a REITs proportionate share of any
securities held by a partnership is not based solely on its capital interest in the partnership but
also includes its interest (as a creditor) in certain debt securities of the partnership (excluding
straight debt and certain other securities described under Asset Tests below). A summary of
certain rules governing the federal income taxation of partnerships and their partners is provided
below in Tax Aspects of Investment in the Operating Partnership.
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Disregarded Subsidiaries. If a REIT owns a corporate subsidiary that is a qualified REIT
subsidiary, that subsidiary is disregarded for federal income tax purposes, and all assets,
liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit of the subsidiary are treated as assets,
liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit of the REIT itself, including for purposes of
applying the gross income and asset tests applicable to REITs summarized below. A qualified REIT
subsidiary is any corporation, other than a taxable REIT subsidiary (described below), that is
wholly-owned by a REIT, or by other disregarded subsidiaries, or by a combination of the two. Other
entities we wholly own, including single member limited liability companies, are also generally
disregarded as separate entities for federal income tax purposes, including for purposes of
applying the REIT income and asset tests described below. Disregarded subsidiaries, along with our
subsidiary partnerships, are sometimes referred to as pass-through subsidiaries. In the event
that any of our disregarded subsidiaries ceases to be wholly-owned by us (for example, if any
equity interest in the subsidiary is acquired by a person other than us or one of our other
disregarded subsidiaries), the subsidiarys separate existence would no longer be disregarded for
federal income tax purposes. Instead, it would have multiple owners and would be treated as either
a partnership or a taxable corporation. Such an event could, depending on the circumstances,
adversely affect our ability to satisfy the various asset and gross income requirements applicable
to REITs, including the requirement that REITs generally may not own, directly or indirectly, more
than 10% (as measured by either voting power or value) of the securities of any one issuer. See
Income Tests and Asset Tests below.
Taxable Subsidiaries. A REIT may jointly elect with a subsidiary corporation, whether or not
wholly-owned, to treat the subsidiary corporation as a taxable REIT subsidiary of the REIT. (A
taxable REIT subsidiary is referred to in this section as a TRS.) In addition, a corporation
(other than a REIT or qualified REIT subsidiary) is treated as a TRS if a TRS of a REIT owns
directly or indirectly securities possessing more than 35% of the total voting power, or having
more than 35% of the total value, of the outstanding securities of the corporation. We have made a
joint election with Ramco-Gershenson, Inc., to treat Ramco-Gershenson, Inc. as a TRS. Moreover, we
have interests in several other corporations treated as TRSs. The separate existence of a TRS (such
as Ramco-Gershenson, Inc.) or other taxable corporation, unlike a disregarded subsidiary as
discussed above, is not ignored for federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, Ramco-Gershenson,
Inc. is subject to corporate income tax on its earnings, and this may reduce the aggregate cash
flow that we and our subsidiaries generate and thus our ability to make distributions to our
shareholders.
A parent REIT is not treated as holding the assets of a taxable subsidiary corporation or as
receiving any undistributed income that the subsidiary earns. Rather, the stock issued by the
subsidiary is an asset in the hands of the parent REIT, and the REIT recognizes, as income, any
dividends that it receives from the subsidiary. This treatment can affect the income and asset test
calculations that apply to the REIT. Because a parent REIT does not include the assets and
undistributed income of taxable subsidiary corporations in determining the parents compliance with
the REIT requirements, these entities may be used by the parent REIT indirectly to undertake
activities that the applicable rules might otherwise preclude the parent REIT from doing directly
or through pass-through subsidiaries (for example, activities that give rise to certain categories
of income, such as management fees, that do not qualify under the 75% and 95% gross income tests
described immediately below).
In addition, certain sections of the Code that are intended to insure that transactions
between a parent REIT and its TRS occur at arms length and on commercially reasonably terms may
prevent a TRS from deducting interest on debt funded directly or indirectly by its parent REIT if
certain tests regarding the TRSs debt to equity ratio and interest expense are not satisfied.
Income Tests
In order to maintain qualification as a REIT, we must annually satisfy two gross income
requirements. First, at least 75% of our gross income for each taxable year, excluding gross income
from sales of inventory or dealer property in prohibited transactions, must derive from (1)
investments in real property or mortgages on real property, including rents from real property,
dividends received from other REITs, interest income derived from mortgage loans secured by real
property (including certain types of mortgage-backed securities), and gains from the sale of real
estate assets, or (2) certain kinds of temporary investment of new capital. Second, at least 95% of
our gross income in each taxable year, excluding gross income from prohibited transactions, must
derive from some combination of such income from investments in real property and temporary
investment of new capital (that is, income that qualifies under the 75% income test described
above), as well as other dividends, interest, and gain from the sale or disposition of stock or
securities, which need not have any relation to real property.
From time to time, we enter into transactions, such as interest rate swaps, that hedge our
risk with respect to one or more of our assets or liabilities. Any income we derive from hedging
transactions entered into prior to July 31, 2008, will be nonqualifying income for purposes of the
75% gross income test. Income from hedging transactions that are clearly identified in the manner
specified by the Code will not constitute gross income, and will not be counted, for purposes of
the 75% gross income test if entered into by us on or after July 31, 2008, and will not constitute
gross income, and will not be
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counted, for purposes of the 95% gross income test if entered into by us on or after January 1,
2005. The term hedging transaction, as used above, generally means any transaction into which we
enter in the normal course of our business primarily to manage risk of interest rate changes or
fluctuations with respect to borrowings made or to be made by us in order to acquire or carry real
estate assets. We intend to structure our hedging activities in a manner that does not jeopardize
our status as a REIT.
For purposes of satisfying the 75% and 95% gross income tests, rents from real property
generally include rents from interests in real property, charges for services customarily furnished
or rendered in connection with the rental of real property (whether or not such charges are
separately stated), and rent attributable to personal property which is leased under, or in
connection with, a lease of real property. However, the inclusion of these items as rents from real
property is subject to the conditions described immediately below.
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Any amount received or accrued, directly or indirectly, with respect to any real
or personal property cannot be based in whole or in part on the income or profits of any
person from such property. However, an amount received or accrued generally will not be
excluded from rents from real property solely by reason of being based on a fixed
percentage or percentages of receipts or sales. In addition, amounts received or accrued
based on income or profits do not include amounts received from a tenant based on the
tenants income from the property if the tenant derives substantially all of its income
with respect to such property from leasing or subleasing substantially all of such
property, provided that the tenant receives from subtenants only amounts that would be
treated as rents from real property if received directly by the REIT. |
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Amounts received from a tenant generally will not qualify as rents from real
property in satisfying the gross income tests if the REIT directly, indirectly, or
constructively owns, (1) in the case of a tenant which is a corporation, 10% or more of
the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote or 10% or more
of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of such tenant, or (2) in the case
of a tenant which is not a corporation, an interest of 10% or more in the assets or net
profits of such tenant. (Such a tenant is referred to in this section as a Related
Party Tenant.) Rents that we receive from a Related Party Tenant that is also a TRS of
ours, however, will not be excluded from the definition of rents from real property if
at least 90% of the space at the property to which the rents relate is leased to third
parties, and the rents paid by the TRS are substantially comparable to rents paid by our
other tenants for comparable space. Whether rents paid by our TRS are substantially
comparable to rents paid by our other tenants is determined at the time the lease with
the TRS is entered into, extended, and modified, if such modification increases the
rents due under such lease. Notwithstanding the foregoing, however, if a lease with a
controlled TRS is modified and such modification results in an increase in the rents
payable by such TRS, any such increase will not qualify as rents from real property. For
purposes of this rule, a controlled TRS is a TRS in which we own stock possessing more
than 50% of the voting power or more than 50% of the total value. |
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If rent attributable to personal property leased in connection with a lease of
real property is greater than 15% of the total rent received under the lease, then the
portion of rent attributable to such personal property will not qualify as rents from
real property. The determination whether more than 15% of the rents received by a REIT
from a property is attributable to personal property is based upon a comparison of the
fair market value of the personal property leased by the tenant to the fair market value
of all the property leased by the tenant. |
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Rents from real property do not include any amount received or accrued directly
or indirectly by a REIT for services furnished or rendered to tenants of a property or
for managing or operating a property, unless the services furnished or rendered, or
management or operation provided, are of a type that a tax-exempt organization can
provide to its tenants without causing its rental income to be unrelated business
taxable income under the Code (that is, unless they are of a type usually or
customarily rendered in connection with the rental of space for occupancy only or are
not considered primarily for the tenants convenience). Services, management, or
operations which, if provided by a tax-exempt organization, would give rise to unrelated
business taxable income (referred to in this section as Impermissible Tenant Services)
will not be treated as provided by the REIT if provided by either an independent
contractor (as defined in the Code) who is adequately compensated and from whom the
REIT does not derive any income, or by a TRS. If an amount received or accrued by a REIT
for providing Impermissible Tenant Services to tenants of a property exceeds 1% of all
amounts received or accrued by the REIT with respect to such property in any year, none
of such amounts will constitute rents from real property. For purposes of this test, the
income received from Impermissible Tenant Services is deemed to be at least 150% of the
direct cost of providing the services. If the 1% threshold is not exceeded, only the
amounts received for providing Impermissible Tenant Services will not qualify as rents
from real property. |
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Substantially all of our income derives from the Operating Partnership. The Operating
Partnerships income derives largely from rent attributable to our properties (which properties are
referred to in this section as the Properties). The Operating Partnership also derives income
from Ramco-Gershenson, Inc. to the extent that Ramco-Gershenson, Inc. pays dividends on shares
owned by the Operating Partnership. The Operating Partnership does not, and is not expected to,
charge rent that is based in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person (but does
charge rent based on a fixed percentage or percentages of receipts or sales). The Operating
Partnership does not, and is not anticipated to, derive rent attributable to personal property
leased in connection with real property that exceeds 15% of the total rent.
In addition, we do not believe that we derive (through the Operating Partnership) rent from a
Related Party Tenant. However, the determination of whether we own 10% or more (as measured by
either voting power or value) of any tenant is made after the application of complex attribution
rules under which we will be treated as owning interests in tenants that are owned by our Ten
Percent Shareholders. In identifying our Ten Percent Shareholders, each individual or entity will
be treated as owning shares held by related individuals and entities. Accordingly, we cannot be
absolutely certain whether all Related Party Tenants have been or will be identified. Although rent
derived from a Related Party Tenant will not qualify as rents from real property and, therefore,
will not be qualifying income under the 75% or 95% gross income test, we believe that the aggregate
amount of any such rental income (together with any other nonqualifying income) in any taxable year
will not cause us to exceed the limits on nonqualifying income under such gross income tests.
The Operating Partnership provides certain services with respect to the Properties (and
expects to provide such services with respect to any newly acquired properties) through
Ramco-Gershenson, Inc. Because Ramco-Gershenson, Inc. is a TRS, the provision of such services
will not cause the amounts received by us (through our ownership interest in the Operating
Partnership) with respect to the Properties to fail to qualify as rents from real property for
purposes of the 75% and 95% gross income tests.
We may (through one or more pass-through subsidiaries) indirectly receive distributions from
TRSs or other corporations that are neither REITs nor qualified REIT subsidiaries. These
distributions will be classified as dividend income to the extent of the earnings and profits of
the distributing corporation. Such distributions will generally constitute qualifying income for
purposes of the 95% gross income test, but not for purposes of the 75% gross income test.
In sum, our investment in real properties through the Operating Partnership and the provision
of services with respect to those properties through Ramco-Gershenson, Inc., gives and will give
rise mostly to rental income qualifying under the 75% and 95% gross income tests. Gains on sales of
such properties, or of our interest in such properties or in the Operating Partnership, will
generally qualify under the 75% and 95% gross income tests. We anticipate that income on our other
investments will not result in our failing the 75% or 95% gross income test for any year.
If we fail to satisfy one or both of the 75% and 95% gross income tests for any taxable year,
we may nevertheless qualify as a REIT for such year if we are entitled to relief under certain
provisions of the Code. Commencing with our taxable year beginning January 1, 2005, we may avail
ourselves of the relief provisions if: (1) following our identification of the failure to meet the
75% or 95% gross income test for any taxable year, we file a schedule with the IRS setting forth
each item of our gross income for purposes of the 75% or 95% gross income test for such taxable
year in accordance with Treasury Regulations to be issued; and (2) our failure to meet the test was
due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect. It is not possible, however, to state
whether in all circumstances we would be entitled to the benefit of these relief provisions. As
discussed above in Taxation of REITs in General, even if these relief provisions apply, a tax
would be imposed with respect to the excess nonqualifying gross income.
Asset Tests
At the close of each calendar quarter of our taxable year, we must also satisfy the following
four tests relating to the nature of our assets. For purposes of each of these tests, our assets
are deemed to include the assets of any disregarded subsidiary and our share of the assets of any
subsidiary partnership, such as the Operating Partnership.
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At least 75% of the value of our total assets must be represented by some
combination of real estate assets, cash, cash items, U.S. government securities, and,
under some circumstances, stock or debt instruments purchased with new capital. For this
purpose, real estate assets include interests in real property, such as land,
buildings, leasehold interests in real property, stock of corporations that qualify as
REITs, and some kinds of mortgage-backed securities and mortgage loans. |
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The aggregate value of all securities of TRSs we hold may not exceed 20% of the
value of our total assets (or 25% of the value of our total assets for our taxable years
beginning on or after July 31, 2008). |
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The value of any one issuers securities owned by us may not exceed 5% of the
value of our assets. This asset test does not apply to securities of TRSs or to any
security that qualifies as a real estate asset. |
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We may not own more than 10% of any one issuers outstanding securities, as
measured by either voting power or value. This asset test does not apply to securities
of TRSs or to any security that qualifies as a real estate asset. In addition, solely
for purposes of the 10% value test, certain types of securities, including certain
straight debt securities, are disregarded. |
No securities issued by a corporation or partnership will qualify as straight debt if we own
(or a TRS in which we own a greater than 50% interest, as measured by vote or value owns) other
securities of such issuer that represent more than 1% of the total value of all securities of such
issuer.
Debt instruments issued by a partnership that do not qualify as straight debt are (1) not
subject to the 10% value test to the extent of our interest as a partner in that partnership and
(2) completely excluded from the 10% value test if at least 75% of the partnerships gross income
(excluding income from prohibited transactions) consists of income qualifying under the 75% gross
income test. In addition, the 10% value test does not apply to (1) any loan made to an individual
or an estate, (2) certain rental agreements in which one or more payments are to be made in
subsequent years (other than agreements between us and certain persons related to us), (3) any
obligation to pay rents from real property, (4) securities issued by governmental entities that are
not dependent in whole or in part on the profits of (or payments made by) a non-governmental
entity, and (5) any security issued by another REIT.
Commencing with our taxable year which began January 1, 2005, we are deemed to own, for
purposes of the 10% value test, the securities held by a partnership based on our proportionate
interest in any securities issued by the partnership (excluding straight debt and the securities
described in the last sentence of the preceding paragraph). Thus, our proportionate share is not
based solely on our capital interest in the partnership but also includes our interest in certain
debt securities issued by the partnership.
After meeting the asset tests at the close of any quarter, we will not lose our status as a
REIT for failure to satisfy the asset tests at the end of a later quarter solely by reason of
changes in asset values. If the failure to satisfy the asset tests results from an acquisition of
securities or other property during a quarter, the failure can be cured by a disposition of
sufficient nonqualifying assets within 30 days after the close of that quarter. We believe that we
maintain adequate records with respect to the nature and value of our assets to enable us to comply
with the asset tests and to enable us to take such action within 30 days after the close of any
quarter as may be required to cure any noncompliance. There can be no assurance, however, that we
will always successfully take such action.
Commencing with our taxable year which began January 1, 2005, certain relief provisions may be
available to us if we discover a failure to satisfy the asset tests described above after the
30-day cure period. Under these provisions, we will be deemed to have met the 5% and 10% asset
tests if the value of our nonqualifying assets (1) does not exceed the lesser of (a) 1% of the
total value of our assets at the end of the applicable quarter or (b) $10,000,000 and (2) we
dispose of the nonqualifying assets or otherwise satisfy such tests within (a) six months after the
last day of the quarter in which the failure to satisfy the asset tests is discovered or (b) the
period of time prescribed by Treasury Regulations to be issued. For violations of any asset tests
due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect and that are, in the case of the 5% and 10%
asset tests, in excess of the de minimis exception described in the preceding sentence, we may
avoid disqualification as a REIT after the 30-day cure period by taking steps including (1) the
disposition of sufficient nonqualifying assets or the taking of other actions that allow us to meet
the asset tests within (a) six months after the last day of the quarter in which the failure to
satisfy the asset tests is discovered or (b) the period of time prescribed by Treasury Regulations
to be issued, (2) paying a tax equal to the greater of (a) $50,000 or (b) the highest corporate tax
rate multiplied by the net income generated by the nonqualifying assets, and (3) disclosing certain
information to the IRS. Although we believe that we have satisfied the asset tests described above
and plan to take steps to ensure that we satisfy such tests for any calendar quarter with respect
to which re-testing is to occur, there can be no assurance that we will always be successful or
that a reduction in our overall interest in an issuer (including a TRS) will not be required. If we
fail to cure any noncompliance with the asset tests in a timely manner and the relief provisions
described above are not available, we would cease to qualify as a REIT. See Failure to Qualify
below.
We believe that our holdings of securities and other assets have complied and will continue to
comply with the foregoing REIT asset requirements, and we intend to monitor compliance on an
ongoing basis. No independent appraisals have been obtained, however, to support our conclusions as
to the value of our total assets, or the value of any particular security or securities. Moreover,
values of some assets may not be susceptible to a precise determination, and values are subject to
change in the future. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not contend that we
fail to meet the REIT asset requirements by reason of our interests in our subsidiaries or in the
securities of other issuers or for some other reason.
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Annual Distribution Requirement
To qualify as a REIT, we are required to distribute dividends (other than capital gain
dividends) to our shareholders each year in an amount at least equal to: (1) the sum of (a) 90% of
our REIT taxable income (computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction, our net capital
gain and net income from foreclosure property, and with certain other adjustments) and (b) 90% of
the excess of our net income, if any, from foreclosure property (described below) over the tax
imposed on that income; minus (2) the sum of certain items of non-cash income.
These distributions must be paid in the taxable year to which they relate, or in the following
taxable year if the distributions are declared before we timely file our tax return for the taxable
year to which they relate, the distributions are paid on or before the first regular dividend
payment after such declaration, and we make an election to treat the distributions as relating to
the prior taxable year. In order for distributions to be counted for this purpose, and to give rise
to a tax deduction by us, they must not be preferential dividends. A dividend is not a
preferential dividend if it is pro rata among all outstanding shares within a particular class, and
is in accordance with the preferences among different classes of shares as set forth in our
organizational documents. In addition, any dividend we declare in October, November, or December of
any year and payable to a shareholder of record on a specified date in any such month will be
treated as both paid by us and received by the shareholder on December 31 of such year, provided
that we actually pay the dividend before the end of January of the following calendar year.
To the extent that we distribute at least 90%, but less than 100%, of our REIT taxable
income (computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction and with certain adjustments), we
will be subject to tax at ordinary corporate rates on the retained portion. We may elect to retain,
rather than distribute, our net long-term capital gains and pay tax on such gains. In this case, we
could elect to have our shareholders include their proportionate share of such undistributed
long-term capital gains in income, and to receive a corresponding credit for their share of the tax
we paid. Our shareholders would then increase the adjusted basis of their shares by the difference
between the designated amounts included in their long-term capital gains and the tax deemed paid
with respect to their shares.
Net operating losses that we are allowed to carry forward from prior tax years may reduce the
amount of distributions that we must make in order to comply with the REIT distribution
requirements. Such losses, however, will generally not affect the character, in the hands of the
shareholders, of any distributions that are actually made by us, which are generally taxable to the
shareholders as dividends to the extent that we have current or accumulated earnings and profits.
See Federal Income Taxation of Shareholders Federal Income Taxation of Taxable Domestic
Shareholders Distributions below.
If we fail to distribute during each calendar year at least the sum of: (1) 85% of our REIT
ordinary income (i.e. REIT taxable income excluding capital gain and without regard to the
dividends paid deduction) for that year; (2) 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for that year;
and (3) any undistributed taxable income from prior periods, we would be subject to a 4% excise tax
on the excess of such sum over the aggregate of amounts actually distributed and retained amounts
on which income tax is paid at the corporate level. We believe that we have made, and intend to
continue to make, distributions in such a manner so as not to be subject to the 4% excise tax.
We intend to make timely distributions sufficient to satisfy the annual distribution
requirement. In this regard, the partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership provides that
we, as general partner, must use our best efforts to cause the Operating Partnership to distribute
to its partners amounts sufficient to permit us to meet this distribution requirement. It is
possible that, from time to time, we may not have sufficient cash or other liquid assets to meet
the 90% distribution requirement, as a result of timing differences between the actual receipt of
cash (including distributions from the Operating Partnership) and actual payment of expenses on the
one hand, and the inclusion of such income and deduction of such expenses in computing our REIT
taxable income on the other hand. To avoid any failure to comply with the 90% distribution
requirement, we will closely monitor the relationship between our REIT taxable income and cash
flow, and if necessary, will borrow funds (or cause the Operating Partnership or other affiliates
to borrow funds) in order to satisfy the distribution requirement.
Under certain circumstances, we may be able to cure a failure to meet the distribution
requirement for a year by paying deficiency dividends to shareholders in a later year, which may
be included in our deduction for dividends paid for the earlier year. Thus, we may be able to avoid
both losing our REIT status and being taxed on amounts distributed as deficiency dividends. We will
be required to pay interest, however, based upon the amount of any deduction taken for deficiency
dividends.
Failure to Qualify
Commencing with our taxable year which began January 1, 2005, specified cure provisions are
available to us in the event that we violate a provision of the Code that would otherwise result in
our failure to qualify as a REIT. Except with
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respect to violations of the REIT income tests and asset tests (for which the cure provisions are
described above), and provided the violation is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful
neglect, these cure provisions impose a $50,000 penalty for each violation in lieu of a loss of
REIT status. If we fail to qualify for taxation as a REIT in any taxable year, and the relief
provisions do not apply, we will be subject to tax (including any applicable alternative minimum
tax) on our taxable income at regular corporate rates. Distributions to shareholders in any year in
which we fail to qualify will not be deductible by us, nor will they be required to be made. In
such event, to the extent of current and accumulated earnings and profits, all distributions to
shareholders will be taxable as dividends and, subject to certain limitations in the Code,
corporate distributees may be eligible for the dividends received deduction. Unless entitled to
relief under specific statutory provisions, we will also be disqualified from taxation as a REIT
for the four taxable years following the year of termination of our REIT status. It is not possible
to state whether in all circumstances we would be entitled to this statutory relief.
Prohibited Transactions
Net income derived from a prohibited transaction is subject to a 100% excise tax. The term
prohibited transaction includes a sale or other disposition of property (other than foreclosure
property) that is held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or
business. The Operating Partnership owns interests in real property that is situated on the
periphery of certain of the Properties. We and the Operating Partnership believe that this
peripheral property is not held primarily for sale to customers and that the sale of such
peripheral property will not be in the ordinary course of the Operating Partnerships business. We
intend to conduct our operations so that no asset owned by us or our pass-through subsidiaries will
be held primarily for sale to customers, and that a sale of any such asset will not be in the
ordinary course of our business. Whether property is held primarily for sale to customers in the
ordinary course of our business depends, however, on the facts and circumstances as they exist from
time to time, including those relating to a particular property. As a result, no assurance can be
given that the IRS will not recharacterize property we own as property held primarily for sale to
customers in the ordinary course of our business, or that we can comply with certain safe-harbor
provisions of the Code that would prevent such treatment. In the event we determine that a
property, the ultimate sale of which is expected to result in taxable gain, will be regarded as
held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of trade or business, we intend to
cause such property to be acquired by or transferred to a TRS so that gain from such sale will be
subject to regular corporate income tax as discussed above under Effect of Subsidiary Entities
Taxable Subsidiaries.
Foreclosure Property
Foreclosure property is real property and any personal property incident to such real property
(1) that is acquired by a REIT as the result of the REITs having bid in the property at
foreclosure, or having otherwise reduced the property to ownership or possession by agreement or
process of law, after there was a default (or default was imminent) on a lease of the property or
on a mortgage loan held by the REIT and secured by the property, (2) the loan or lease related to
which was acquired by the REIT at a time when default was not imminent or anticipated, and (3) that
such REIT makes a proper election to treat as foreclosure property. REITs are subject to tax at the
maximum corporate rate (currently 35%) on any net income from foreclosure property, including any
gain from the disposition of the foreclosure property, other than income that would otherwise be
qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test. Any gain from the sale of property for
which a foreclosure property election has been made will not be subject to the 100% excise tax on
gains from prohibited transactions described above, even if the property would otherwise constitute
dealer property (i.e., property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of
business) in the hands of the selling REIT.
Redetermined Rents, Redetermined Deductions, and Excess Interest
Any redetermined rents, redetermined deductions, or excess interest we generate will be
subject to a 100% penalty tax. In general, redetermined rents are rents from real property that are
overstated as a result of services furnished by a TRS to any of our tenants, and redetermined
deductions and excess interest represent amounts that are deducted by a TRS for amounts paid to us
that are in excess of the amounts that would have been charged based on arms length negotiations.
Under safe harbor provisions of the Code, rents we receive from tenants of a property will not
constitute redetermined rents (by reason of the performance of services by any TRS to such tenants)
if:
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So much of such amounts as constitutes impermissible tenant service income does
not exceed 1% of all amounts received or accrued during the year with respect to the
property; |
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The TRS renders a significant amount of similar services to unrelated parties and
the charges for such services are substantially comparable; |
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Rents paid by tenants leasing at least 25% of the net leasable space in the
property who are not receiving services from the TRS are substantially comparable to the
rents paid by tenants leasing comparable space who are receiving such services from the
TRS and the charge for the services is separately stated; or |
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The TRSs gross income from the service is not less than 150% of the subsidiarys
direct cost in furnishing the service. |
Tax Aspects of Investment in the Operating Partnership
General
We hold a direct interest in the Operating Partnership and, through the Operating Partnership,
hold an indirect interest in certain other partnerships and in limited liability companies
classified as partnerships for federal income tax purposes (which, together, are referred to in
this section as the Partnerships). In general, partnerships are pass-through entities which are
not subject to federal income tax. Rather, partners are allocated their proportionate shares of the
items of income, gain, loss, deduction, and credit of a partnership, and are potentially subject to
tax thereon, without regard to whether the partners receive a distribution from the partnership. We
will include our proportionate share of the foregoing partnership items in computing our REIT
taxable income. See Taxation of the Company Income Tests above. Any resultant increase in our
REIT taxable income will increase the amount we must distribute to satisfy the REIT distribution
requirement (see Taxation of the Company Annual Distribution Requirement above) but will not be
subject to federal income tax in our hands provided that we distribute such income to our
shareholders.
Entity Classification
Our interests in the Partnerships involve special tax considerations, including the
possibility of a challenge by the IRS to the status of the Operating Partnership or any other
Partnership as a partnership (as opposed to an association taxable as a corporation) for federal
income tax purposes. In general, under certain Treasury Regulations which became effective January
1, 1997 (referred to in this section as the Check-the-Box Regulations), an unincorporated entity
with at least two members may elect to be classified either as a corporation or as a partnership
for federal income tax purposes. If such an entity does not make an election, it generally will be
treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes. For such an entity that was in existence
prior to January 1, 1997, such as the Operating Partnership and some of the other Partnerships, the
entity will have the same classification (unless it elects otherwise) that it claimed under the
rules in effect prior to the Check-the-Box Regulations. In addition, the federal income tax
classification of an entity that was in existence prior to January 1, 1997 will be respected for
all periods prior to January 1, 1997 if (1) the entity had a reasonable basis for its claimed
classification, (2) the entity and all members of the entity recognized the federal income tax
consequences of any changes in the entitys classification within the 60 months prior to January 1,
1997, and (3) neither the entity nor any member of the entity was notified in writing by a taxing
authority on or before May 8, 1996 that the classification of the entity was under examination. We
believe that the Operating Partnership and each of the other Partnerships that existed prior to
January 1, 1997 reasonably claimed partnership classification under the Treasury Regulations
relating to entity classification in effect prior to January 1, 1997, and such classification
should be respected for federal income tax purposes. Each of them intends to continue to be
classified as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, and none of them intends to elect to
be treated as an association taxable as a corporation under the Check-the-Box Regulations.
If the Operating Partnership or any of the other Partnerships were to be treated as an
association, it would be taxable as a corporation and therefore subject to an entity-level tax on
its income. In such a situation, the character of our assets and items of gross income would
change, which would likely preclude us from satisfying the asset tests and possibly the income
tests (see Taxation of the Company Income Tests and Taxation of the Company Asset Tests
above), and in turn would prevent us from qualifying as a REIT, unless we were eligible for relief
under the relief provisions described above. See Taxation of the Company Failure to Qualify
above for discussion of the effect of our failure to satisfy the REIT tests for a taxable year. In
addition, any change in the status of any of the Partnerships for federal income tax purposes might
be treated as a taxable event, in which case we could have taxable income that is subject to the
REIT distribution requirement without receiving any cash.
Tax Allocations with Respect to the Properties
Pursuant to Section 704(c) of the Code and applicable Treasury Regulations, income, gain,
loss, and deduction attributable to appreciated or depreciated property that is contributed to a
partnership in exchange for an interest in the partnership (such as the Properties contributed to
the Operating Partnership by the limited partners of the Operating Partnership) must be allocated
in such a manner that the contributing partner is charged with, or benefits from, the unrealized
gain or unrealized loss, respectively, associated with the property at the time of the
contribution. The amount of such unrealized gain or unrealized loss is equal to the difference
between the fair market value of the contributed property at the time of contribution and the
adjusted tax basis of such property at the time of contribution (referred to in this section as the
Book-Tax Difference). Such allocations are solely for federal income tax purposes and do not
affect the book capital accounts or other economic or legal arrangements among the partners. The
Operating Partnership was formed with contributions of appreciated property (including the
Properties contributed by the limited partners of the Operating
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Partnership). Consequently, the Operating Partnerships partnership agreement requires allocations
to be made in a manner consistent with Section 704(c) of the Code and the applicable Treasury
Regulations. If a partner contributes cash to a partnership at a time when the partnership holds
appreciated (or depreciated) property, the applicable Treasury Regulations provide for a similar
allocation of these items to the other (that is, the pre-existing) partners. These rules may apply
to any contribution by us to the Operating Partnership or the other Partnerships of cash proceeds
received from offerings of our securities, including any offering of common shares, preferred
shares, or warrants contemplated by this prospectus.
In general, the partners that contributed appreciated Properties to the Partnerships will be
allocated less depreciation, and increased taxable gain on sale, of such Properties. This will tend
to eliminate the Book-Tax Difference. However, the special allocation rules of Section 704(c) and
the applicable Treasury Regulations do not always rectify the Book-Tax Difference on an annual
basis or with respect to a specific taxable transaction such as a sale. Under the applicable
Treasury Regulations, special allocations of income and gain and depreciation deductions must be
made on a property-by-property basis. Depreciation deductions resulting from the carryover basis of
a contributed property are used to eliminate the Book-Tax Difference by allocating such deductions
to the non-contributing partners (for example, to us) up to the amount of their share of book
depreciation. Any remaining tax depreciation for the contributed property would be allocated to the
partners who contributed the property. The Partnerships have generally elected the traditional
method of rectifying the Book-Tax Difference under the applicable Treasury Regulations, pursuant
to which if depreciation deductions are less than the non-contributing partners share of book
depreciation, then the non-contributing partners lose the benefit of the tax deductions to the
extent of the difference. When the property is sold, the resulting tax gain is used to the extent
possible to eliminate any remaining Book-Tax Difference. Under the traditional method, it is
possible that the carryover basis of the contributed assets in the hands of a Partnership may cause
us to be allocated less depreciation and other deductions than would otherwise be allocated to us.
This may cause us to recognize taxable income in excess of cash proceeds, which might adversely
affect our ability to comply with the REIT distribution requirement. See Taxation of the Company
Annual Distribution Requirement above.
With respect to property purchased by (and not contributed to) the Operating Partnership, such
property will initially have a tax basis equal to its fair market value, and Section 704(c) of the
Code and the applicable Treasury Regulations will not apply unless such property is subsequently
revalued for capital accounting purposes under applicable Treasury Regulations.
Sale of the Properties
The Partnerships intend to hold the Properties for investment with a view to long-term
appreciation, to engage in the business of acquiring, developing, owning, and operating the
Properties and other shopping centers and to make such occasional sales of the Properties as are
consistent with our investment objectives. Based primarily on such investment objectives, we
believe that the Properties should not be considered dealer property (i.e., property held for sale
to customers in the ordinary course of business). Whether property is dealer property is a question
of fact that depends on the particular facts and circumstances with respect to the particular
transaction. No assurance can be given that any property sold by us or any of our Partnerships will
not be dealer property, or that we can comply with certain safe-harbor provisions of the Code that
would prevent such treatment. Our share of any gain realized by the Operating Partnership or any
other Partnership on the sale of any dealer property generally will be treated as income from a
prohibited transaction that is subject to a 100% penalty tax. See Taxation of the Company
Prohibited Transactions above. In the event we determine that a property, the ultimate sale of
which is expected to result in taxable gain, will be held primarily for sale to customers in the
ordinary course of a trade or business, we intend to cause such property to be acquired by or
transferred to a TRS so that gain from such sale will be subject to regular corporate income tax as
discussed above under Effect of Subsidiary Entities Taxable Subsidiaries.
Taxation of Ramco-Gershenson, Inc.
A portion of the amounts to be used to fund distributions to our shareholders is expected to
come from distributions made by Ramco-Gershenson, Inc., our principal TRS, to the Operating
Partnership. In general, Ramco-Gershenson, Inc. pays federal, state and local income taxes on its
taxable income at regular corporate rates. Any federal, state or local income taxes that
Ramco-Gershenson, Inc., is required to pay will reduce cash flow otherwise available to us to make
distributions to holders of our securities.
Federal Income Taxation of Shareholders
Federal Income Taxation of Taxable Domestic Shareholders
Distributions. As a result of our status as a REIT, distributions made to our taxable domestic
shareholders out of current or accumulated earnings and profits, and not designated as capital gain
dividends, will generally be taken into account by them as ordinary income and will not be eligible
for the dividends received deduction for corporations. The
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maximum federal income tax rate applicable to corporations is 35% and that applicable to ordinary
income of individuals is currently 35% through 2010.
The maximum individual rate of tax on dividends and long-term capital gains is generally 15%
through 2010. Because we are not generally subject to federal income tax on the portion of our REIT
taxable income or capital gains distributed to our shareholders, our dividends are generally not
eligible for this 15% tax rate on dividends. As a result, our ordinary REIT dividends will continue
to be taxed at the higher tax rates applicable to ordinary income. However, the 15% tax rate will
generally apply to:
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our dividends attributable to dividends received by us from non-REIT
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our dividends attributable to our REIT taxable income in the prior taxable year
on which we were subject to corporate level income tax (net of the amount of such tax);
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our dividends attributable to income in the prior taxable year from the sale of
appreciated (i.e., Built-in Gain) property acquired by us from C corporations in
carryover basis transactions or held by us on the first day of a taxable year for which
we first re-qualify as a REIT after being subject to tax as a C corporation for more
than two years (net of the amount of corporate tax on such income). |
Distributions that are designated as capital gain dividends will be taxed to shareholders as
long-term capital gains, to the extent that they do not exceed our actual net capital gain for the
taxable year, without regard to the period for which the shareholder has held its shares. A similar
treatment will apply to long-term capital gains we retain, to the extent that we elect the
application of provisions of the Code that treat shareholders of a REIT as having received, for
federal income tax purposes, undistributed capital gains of the REIT, while passing through to
shareholders a corresponding credit for taxes paid by the REIT on such retained capital gains.
Corporate shareholders may be required to treat up to 20% of some capital gain dividends as
ordinary income. Long-term capital gains are generally taxable at maximum federal rates of 15%
through 2010 in the case of shareholders who are individuals, and 35% for corporations. Capital
gains attributable to the sale of depreciable real property held for more than 12 months are
subject to a 25% maximum federal income tax rate for taxpayers who are individuals, to the extent
of previously claimed depreciation deductions. Pursuant to Treasury Regulations to be promulgated
by the U.S. Treasury Department, a portion of our distributions may be subject to the alternative
minimum tax to the extent of our items of tax preference, if any, allocated to the shareholders.
Distributions in excess of current and accumulated earnings and profits will not be taxable to
a shareholder to the extent that they do not exceed the adjusted basis of the shareholders common
or preferred shares in respect of which the distributions were made, but rather, will reduce the
adjusted basis of those common or preferred shares. To the extent that such distributions exceed
the adjusted basis of a shareholders shares, they will be included in income as long-term capital
gain, or short-term capital gain if the shares have been held for one year or less. In addition,
any dividend we declare in October, November or December of any year and payable to a shareholder
of record on a specified date in any such month will be treated both as paid by us and received by
the shareholder on December 31 of such year, provided that we actually pay the dividend before the
end of January of the following calendar year.
In determining the extent to which a distribution with respect to preferred shares constitutes
a dividend for tax purposes, our earnings and profits will be allocated first to distributions with
respect to our preferred shares and then to our common shares. In addition, the IRS has taken the
position in published guidance that if a REIT has two classes of shares, the amount of any
particular type of income (including net capital gain) allocated to each class in any year cannot
exceed such class proportionate share of such income based on the total dividends paid to each
class for such year. Consequently, if both common shares and preferred shares are outstanding,
particular types of income will be allocated in accordance with the classes proportionate shares
of such income. Thus, net capital gain will be allocated between holders of common shares and
holders of preferred shares, if any, in proportion to the total dividends paid to each class during
the taxable year, or otherwise as required by applicable law.
Net operating losses and capital losses that we are allowed to carry forward from prior tax
years may reduce the amount of distributions that we must make in order to comply with the REIT
distribution requirements. See Taxation of the Company Annual Distribution Requirement above.
Such losses, however, are not passed through to our shareholders and do not offset income of
shareholders from other sources, nor do they affect the character of any distributions that we
actually make, which are generally taxable to our shareholders as dividends to the extent that we
have current or accumulated earnings and profits.
We will be treated as having sufficient earnings and profits for a year to treat as a dividend
any distribution we make for such year up to the amount required to be distributed in order to
avoid imposition of the 4% federal excise tax discussed in Taxation of the Company Taxation of
REITs in General above. As a result, taxable domestic shareholders may be
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required to treat certain distributions as taxable dividends even though we may have no overall,
accumulated earnings and profits. Moreover, any deficiency dividend, which is a dividend to our
current shareholders that is permitted to relate back to a year for which the IRS determines a
deficiency in order to satisfy the distribution requirement for that year, will be treated as a
dividend (an ordinary dividend or a capital gain dividend, as the case may be) regardless of our
earnings and profits for the year in which we pay the deficiency dividend.
Disposition of Common and Preferred Shares. In general, capital gains recognized by
individuals and other non-corporate shareholders upon the sale or disposition of common or
preferred shares will be subject to a maximum federal income tax rate of 15% through 2010
(applicable to long-term capital gains) if the shares are held for more than 12 months, and will be
taxed at rates of up to 35% through 2010 (applicable to short-term capital gains) if the shares are
held for 12 months or less. Gains recognized by shareholders that are corporations are subject to
federal income tax at a maximum rate of 35%, whether or not classified as long-term capital gains.
Capital losses recognized by a shareholder upon the disposition of shares held for more than one
year at the time of disposition will be considered long-term capital losses, which are generally
available first to offset long-term capital gain (which is taxed at capital gain rates) and then
short-term capital gain (which is taxed at ordinary income rates) of the shareholder, but not
ordinary income of the shareholder (except in the case of individuals, who may offset up to $3,000
of ordinary income each year). Capital losses recognized by a shareholder upon the disposition of
shares held for not more than one year are considered short-term capital losses and are generally
available first to offset short-term capital gain and then long-term capital gain of the
shareholder, but not ordinary income of the shareholder (except in the case of individuals, who may
offset up to $3,000 of ordinary income each year). In addition, any loss upon a sale or exchange of
shares by a shareholder who has held the shares for six months or less, after applying certain
holding period rules, will be treated as long-term capital loss to the extent of distributions
received from us that are required to be treated by the shareholder as long-term capital gain.
If a holder of common or preferred shares recognizes a loss upon a disposition of those shares
in an amount that exceeds a prescribed threshold, it is possible that the provisions of certain
Treasury Regulations involving reportable transactions could apply to require a disclosure filing
with the IRS concerning the loss-generating transaction. While these regulations are directed
toward tax shelters, they are quite broad, and apply to transactions that would not typically be
considered tax shelters. The Code imposes significant penalties for failure to comply with these
requirements. You should consult your tax advisors concerning any possible disclosure obligation
with respect to the receipt or disposition of common or preferred shares, or transactions that
might be undertaken directly or indirectly by us. Moreover, you should be aware that we and other
participants in the transactions involving us (including their advisors) might be subject to
disclosure or other requirements pursuant to these regulations.
A redemption of preferred shares will be treated under Section 302 of the Code as a dividend
subject to tax as such (to the extent of our current or accumulated earnings and profits), unless
the redemption satisfies certain tests set forth in Section 302(b) of the Code enabling the
redemption to be treated as a sale or exchange of the preferred shares. The redemption will satisfy
such test if it (1) is substantially disproportionate with respect to the holder (which will not
be the case if only preferred shares are redeemed, since preferred shares generally do not have
voting rights), (2) results in a complete termination of the shareholders stock interest in us,
or (3) is not essentially equivalent to a dividend with respect to the shareholder, all within
the meaning of Section 302(b) of the Code. In determining whether any of these tests have been met,
shares considered to be owned by the shareholder by reason of certain constructive ownership rules
set forth in the Code, as well as shares actually owned, must generally be taken into account.
Because the determination as to whether any of the alternative tests of Section 302(b) of the Code
is satisfied with respect to any particular holder of preferred shares will depend upon the facts
and circumstances as of the time the determination is made, prospective investors are advised to
consult their own tax advisors to determine such tax treatment.
If a redemption of preferred shares is not treated as a distribution taxable as a dividend to
a particular shareholder, it will be treated, as to that shareholder, as a taxable sale or
exchange. As a result, such shareholder will recognize gain or loss for federal income tax
purposes in an amount equal to the difference between (1) the amount of cash and the fair market
value of any property received (less any portion thereof attributable to accumulated but unpaid
dividends that we are legally obligated to pay at the time of the redemption, which will be taxable
as a dividend to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits), and (2) the
shareholders adjusted basis in the preferred shares for tax purposes. Such gain or loss will be
capital gain or loss and will be long-term capital gain or loss if, at the time of the redemption,
the shares were held for more than 12 months.
If a redemption of preferred shares is treated as a distribution that is taxable as a
dividend, the amount of the distribution would be measured by the amount of cash and the fair
market value of any property received by the shareholder. The shareholders adjusted tax basis in
the redeemed preferred shares will be transferred to the shareholders remaining shares of our
capital stock, if any. If, however, the shareholder has no remaining shares of our capital stock,
such basis may, under certain circumstances, be transferred to a related person or it may be lost
entirely.
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Conversion of Convertible Preferred Shares into Common Shares. No gain or loss will be
recognized to a shareholder upon conversion of any convertible preferred shares solely into common
shares except to the extent of cash paid in lieu of fractional common shares. Except to the extent
of any cash so paid, the adjusted tax basis for the common shares received upon the conversion will
be equal to the adjusted tax basis of any converted preferred shares, and the holding period of the
common shares will include the holding period of any converted preferred shares. A holder of any
convertible preferred shares may recognize gain or dividend income to the extent there are
dividends in arrears on such shares at the time of conversion into common shares.
Adjustment of Conversion Price. Section 305(c) of the Code and the Treasury Regulations
thereunder treat as a dividend certain constructive distributions of shares with respect to
preferred shares. The operation of the conversion price adjustment provisions of any convertible
preferred shares, or the failure to adjust fully the conversion price for any convertible preferred
shares to reflect a distribution of shares, share warrants or share rights with respect to the
common shares, or a reverse share split, may result in the deemed receipt of a dividend by the
holders of any convertible preferred shares or the common shares if the effect is to increase such
holders proportionate interests in us. Adjustments to reflect nontaxable share splits or
distributions of shares, share warrants or share rights generally will not be treated as a
constructive dividend.
Redemption Premium on Preferred Shares. If the redemption price of preferred shares that are
subject to redemption exceeds their issue price (such excess referred to in this section as a
redemption premium), in certain situations the entire amount of the redemption premium will be
treated as being distributed to the holder of such shares, on an economic accrual basis, over the
period from issuance of such shares until the date the shares are first redeemable (such deemed
distribution referred to in this section as a constructive distribution). A constructive
distribution may occur only if the preferred shares are subject to a redemption premium, and only
if (1) we are required to redeem the shares at a specified time, (2) the holder of the shares has
the option to require us to redeem the shares, or (3) we have the right to redeem the shares, but
only if under applicable regulations, redemption pursuant to that right is more likely than not to
occur. See the applicable prospectus supplement for further information regarding the possible tax
treatment of redemption premiums with respect to any such preferred shares offered by such
prospective supplement.
Passive Activity Loss and Investment Interest Limitations. Taxable dividends that we
distribute and gain from the disposition of common or preferred shares will not be treated as
passive activity income and, therefore, shareholders subject to the limitation on the use of
passive losses will not be able to apply passive losses against such income. Shareholders may
elect to treat capital gain dividends, capital gains from the disposition of shares and qualified
dividend income as investment income for purposes of computing the limitation on the deductibility
of investment interest, but in such case the shareholder will be taxed at ordinary income rates on
those amounts. Other distributions made by us, to the extent they do not constitute a return of
capital, will generally be treated as investment income for purposes of computing the investment
interest limitation.
Federal Income Taxation of Non-U.S. Shareholders
The following is a summary of certain U.S. federal income tax consequences of the ownership
and disposition of common and preferred shares applicable to non-U.S. shareholders. A non-U.S.
shareholder is any holder of our shares who is a foreign person. For the purposes of this
summary, a foreign person is any person other than:
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a citizen or resident of the United States, |
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a corporation (including an entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal
income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, or
of any state thereof, or the District of Columbia, |
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an estate the income of which is includable in gross income for U.S. federal
income tax purposes regardless of its source, or |
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a trust if (1) a United States court is able to exercise primary supervision over
the administration of such trust and one or more United States fiduciaries have the
authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (2) it has a valid
election in place to be treated as a U.S. person. |
The following summary is based on current law and is for general information only. The summary
addresses only selected and not all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation. Prospective non-U.S.
shareholders should consult with their own tax advisors to determine the impact of U.S. federal,
state, and local income tax and estate tax laws with regard to an investment in our shares,
including any reporting requirements.
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Ordinary Dividends. The portion of dividends received by non-U.S. shareholders payable out of
our earnings and profits that are not attributable to our capital gains and that are not
effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business of the non-U.S. shareholder will be subject to
U.S. withholding tax at the rate of 30%, unless reduced by treaty.
In general, non-U.S. shareholders will not be considered to be engaged in a U.S. trade or
business solely as a result of their ownership of common or preferred shares. In cases where the
dividend income from a non-U.S. shareholders investment in common or preferred shares is, or is
treated as, effectively connected with the non-U.S. shareholders conduct of a U.S. trade or
business, the non-U.S. shareholder generally will be subject to U.S. income tax at graduated rates,
in the same manner as domestic shareholders are taxed with respect to such dividends, and such
income generally must be reported on a U.S. federal income tax return filed by or on behalf of the
non-U.S. shareholder. Such income may also be subject to the 30% branch profits tax in the case of
a non-U.S. shareholder that is a corporation.
Non-Dividend Distributions. Unless our common or preferred shares constitute a U.S. real
property interest (referred to in this section as a USRPI), distributions by us that are not
dividends out of our earnings and profits will generally not be subject to U.S. federal income tax.
If it cannot be determined at the time at which a distribution is made whether or not the
distribution will exceed current and accumulated earnings and profits, the entire distribution will
be subject to withholding at the rate applicable to dividends. However, the non-U.S. shareholder
may seek a refund from the IRS of any amounts withheld if it is subsequently determined that the
distribution was, in fact, in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits. If our
common or preferred shares constitute a USRPI, as discussed below under Dispositions of Common
or Preferred Shares, then distributions by us in excess of the sum of our earnings and profits
plus the shareholders basis in its shares will be taxed under the Foreign Investment in Real
Property Tax Act of 1980 (which is referred to in this section as FIRPTA) at the rate of tax,
including any applicable capital gains rates, that would apply to a domestic shareholder of the
same type (that is, an individual or a corporation, as the case may be), and the collection of the
tax will be enforced by a refundable withholding at a rate of 10% of the amount by which the
distribution exceeds the shareholders share of our earnings and profits.
Capital Gain Dividends. Distributions that are attributable to gains from dispositions of
USRPIs held by us directly or through pass-through subsidiaries (referred to in this section as
USRPI capital gains) that are paid with respect to any class of shares which is regularly traded
on an established securities market located in the United States and that are made to a non-U.S.
shareholder who does not own more than 5% of the class of shares at any time during the one-year
period ending on the date of distribution will be treated as a regular distribution by us, and
these distributions will be treated as ordinary dividend distributions. A distribution of USRPI
capital gains made by us to non-U.S. shareholders owning more than 5% of the class of shares in
respect of which the distribution is made will be considered effectively connected with a U.S.
trade or business of the non-U.S. shareholder and will be subject to U.S. income tax at the rates
applicable to U.S. individuals or corporations, as the case may be (subject to alternative minimum
tax and a special alternative minimum tax in the case of nonresident alien individuals), without
regard to whether the distribution is designated as a capital gain dividend. In addition, we will
be required to withhold tax equal to 35% of the amount of dividends to the extent the dividends
constitute USRPI capital gains. Distributions subject to FIRPTA may also be subject to a 30% branch
profits tax (or lower tax treaty rate, if applicable) in the hands of a non-U.S. shareholder that
is a corporation.
Distributions to a non-U.S. shareholder that we properly designate as capital gain dividends,
other than those arising from the disposition of a USRPI, generally should not be subject to U.S.
federal income taxation unless: (1) the investment in our shares is treated as effectively
connected with the non-U.S. shareholders U.S. trade or business, in which case the non-U.S.
shareholder will be subject to the same treatment as a U.S. shareholder with respect to such gain,
except that a non-U.S. shareholder that is a foreign corporation may also be subject to the 30%
branch profits tax (or lower tax treaty rate, if applicable), or (2) the non-U.S. shareholder is a
nonresident alien individual who is present in the United States for 183 days or more during the
taxable year and certain other conditions are satisfied, in which case the nonresident alien
individual will be subject to a 30% tax on the individuals capital gains (unless a lower tax
treaty rate applies).
Retained Net Capital Gains. Although the law is not clear on the matter, it appears that
amounts designated by us as retained capital gains in respect of our shares held by non-U.S.
shareholders generally should be treated in the same manner as our actual distributions of capital
gain dividends. Under this approach, a non-U.S. shareholder would be able to claim as a credit
against its U.S. federal income tax liability, its proportionate share of the tax paid by us on the
retained capital gains, and to obtain from the IRS a refund to the extent its proportionate share
of the tax paid by us exceeds its actual U.S. federal income tax liability.
Dispositions of Common or Preferred Shares. Unless our common or preferred shares constitute a
USRPI, a sale of such shares by a non-U.S. shareholder generally will not be subject to U.S.
taxation under FIRPTA. The shares will not constitute a USRPI if we are a domestically-controlled
REIT. A domestically-controlled REIT is a REIT less than 50% in value of the shares of which is
held directly or indirectly by non-U.S. shareholders at all times during a prescribed testing
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period. We believe that we are, and we expect to continue to be, a domestically-controlled REIT
and, therefore, the sale of our common or preferred shares by non-U.S. shareholders should not be
subject to taxation under FIRPTA. Because our shares are publicly traded, however, no assurance can
be given that we are or will be a domestically-controlled REIT.
In the event that we do not constitute a domestically-controlled REIT, a non-U.S.
shareholders sale of shares nonetheless will generally not be subject to tax under FIRPTA as a
sale of a USRPI, provided that (1) the shares are of a class that are regularly traded, as
defined by applicable Treasury Regulations, on an established securities market, and (2) the
selling non-U.S. shareholder held 5% or less of such class of shares at all times during a
prescribed testing period.
If gain on the sale of common or preferred shares were subject to taxation under FIRPTA, the
non-U.S. shareholder would be subject to the same treatment as a U.S. shareholder with respect to
such gain, subject to applicable alternative minimum tax and a special alternative minimum tax in
the case of non-resident alien individuals, and the purchaser of the shares could, unless the
shares are of a class that are regularly traded (as defined by applicable Treasury Regulations)
on an established securities market, be required to withhold 10% of the purchase price and remit
such amount to the IRS.
Gain from the sale of common or preferred shares that would not otherwise be subject to FIRPTA
will nonetheless be taxable in the United States to a non-U.S. shareholder in two cases: (1) if the
non-U.S. shareholders investment in the common or preferred shares is effectively connected with a
U.S. trade or business conducted by such non-U.S. shareholder, then the non-U.S. shareholder will
be subject to the same treatment as a U.S. shareholder with respect to such gain, except that the
non-U.S. shareholder may also be subject to the 30% branch profits tax (or lower tax treaty rate,
if applicable) if it is a foreign corporation, or (2) if the non-U.S. shareholder is a nonresident
alien individual who was present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year
and certain other conditions are satisfied, the nonresident alien individual will be subject to tax
on the individuals capital gain at a 30% rate (or lower tax treaty rate, if applicable).
Federal Taxation of Tax-Exempt Shareholders
Tax-exempt entities, including qualified employee pension and profit sharing trusts and
individual retirement accounts, generally are exempt from federal income taxation. However, they
are subject to taxation on their unrelated business taxable income (which is referred to in this
section as UBTI). While many investments in real estate generate UBTI, the IRS has ruled that
dividend distributions from a REIT to a tax-exempt entity do not constitute UBTI. Based on that
ruling, and provided that (1) a tax-exempt shareholder has not held its common or preferred shares
as debt financed property within the meaning of the Code (that is, property the acquisition of
which is financed through a borrowing by the tax-exempt shareholder), and (2) the shares are not
otherwise used in an unrelated trade or business, we believe that distributions from us and income
from the sale of our shares should not give rise to UBTI to a tax-exempt shareholder.
Tax-exempt shareholders that are social clubs, voluntary employee benefit associations,
supplemental unemployment benefit trusts, and qualified group legal services plans exempt from
federal income taxation under Sections 501(c)(7), (9), (17) and (20) of the Code, respectively, are
subject to different UBTI rules, which generally will require them to characterize distributions
from us as UBTI.
A pension trust that owns more than 10% of the value of our shares could be required to treat
a percentage of the dividends from us as UBTI if we are a pension-held REIT. We will not be a
pension-held REIT unless either (1) one pension trust owns more than 25% of the value of our
shares, or (2) a group of pension trusts, each individually holding more than 10% of the value of
our shares, collectively owns more than 50% of the value of our shares. We believe that we
currently are not a pension-held REIT. Because our shares are publicly traded, however, no
assurance can be given that we are not (or will not be) a pension-held REIT.
Tax-exempt shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the federal, state,
local and foreign tax consequences of an investment in our common or preferred shares.
Federal Income Taxation of Warrants
A holder who receives shares upon the exercise of a warrant should not recognize gain or loss
except to the extent of any cash received for fractional shares. Except to the extent of any cash
so received, such a holder would have a tax basis in the shares acquired pursuant to a warrant
equal to the amount of the purchase price paid for (or, if the warrant is purchased as part of an
investment unit, allocated to) the warrant plus the amount paid for the shares pursuant to the
warrant. The holding period for the shares acquired pursuant to a warrant would begin on the date
of exercise. Upon the subsequent sale of shares acquired pursuant to a warrant or upon a sale of a
warrant, the holder thereof would generally recognize capital gain or loss in an amount equal to
the difference between the amount realized on the sale and its tax basis in such shares or warrant,
as the case may be. The foregoing assumes that warrants will not be held as a hedge, straddle or as
a similar offsetting position with respect to our shares and that Section 1092 of the Code will not
apply.
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Federal Income Taxation of Holders of Debt Securities
Federal Income Taxation of Taxable Domestic Holders of Debt Securities
This section describes the material federal income tax consequences of owning the debt
securities that we may offer. It applies to taxable domestic holders who purchase debt securities
that are not original issue discount or zero coupon debt securities and that were acquired in an
initial offering at the offering price. If you purchase these debt securities at a price other than
the offering price, the amortizable bond premium or market discount rules may also apply to you.
You should consult your own tax advisor regarding this possibility.
The tax consequences of owning any debt securities that are zero coupon debt securities,
original issue discount debt securities, floating rate debt securities or indexed debt securities
that we offer will be discussed in the applicable prospectus supplement.
A holder will be taxed on interest on debt securities at ordinary income rates at the time
such holder receives the interest or when it accrues, depending on such holders method of
accounting for federal income tax purposes.
A holders tax basis in the debt security will generally be its cost. A holder will generally
recognize capital gain or loss on the sale or retirement of a debt security equal to the difference
between the amount realized on the sale or retirement, excluding any amounts attributable to
accrued but unpaid interest, and the tax basis in the debt security.
Federal Income Taxation of Non-U.S. Holders of Debt Securities
The following is a summary of certain U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition,
ownership and disposition of our debt securities applicable to non-U.S. holders. A non-U.S.
holder is any holder of our debt securities who is a foreign person as defined under Federal
Income Taxation of Shareholders Federal Income Taxation of Non-U.S. Shareholders above.
Interest paid to a non-U.S. holder of debt securities generally will not be subject to U.S.
federal income taxes or withholding taxes if the interest is not effectively connected with the
non-U.S. holders conduct of a trade or business within the United States, provided that the
non-U.S. holder:
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does not actually or constructively own a 10% or greater interest in us; |
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is not a controlled foreign corporation with respect to which we are a related
person within the meaning of Section 864(d)(4) of the Code; |
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is not a bank receiving interest described in Section 881(c)(3)(A) of the Code;
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provides the appropriate certification as to its foreign status. |
A non-U.S. holder can generally meet this certification requirement by providing a properly
executed IRS Form W-8BEN or appropriate substitute form to us, or our paying agent. If a non-U.S.
holder holds our debt securities through a financial institution or other agent acting on its
behalf, the non-U.S. holder may be required to provide appropriate documentation to its agent. The
non-U.S. holders agent will then generally be required to provide appropriate certification to us
or our paying agent, either directly or through other intermediaries. Special certification rules
apply to foreign partnerships, estates and trusts, and in certain circumstances certifications as
to foreign status of partners, trust owners or beneficiaries may have to be provided to us or our
paying agent.
If a non-U.S. holder does not qualify for an exemption under these rules, interest income from
the debt securities may be subject to withholding tax at the rate of 30% (or lower applicable
treaty rate) at the time it is paid. The payment of interest effectively connected with the
non-U.S. holders U.S. trade or business, however, would not be subject to a 30% withholding tax so
long as the non-U.S. holder provided us or our agent an adequate certification (currently on IRS
Form W-8ECI), but such interest would be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net basis at the
rates applicable to U.S. holders generally. In addition, if the non-U.S. holder is a foreign
corporation and the payment of interest is effectively connected with its U.S. trade or business,
the non-U.S. holder may also be subject to a 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate) branch profits
tax. To claim the benefit of a tax treaty, the non-U.S. holder must provide a properly-executed IRS
Form W-8BEN before the payment of interest, and it may be required to obtain a U.S. taxpayer
identification number and provide documentary evidence issued by foreign governmental authorities
to prove residence in the foreign country.
A non-U.S. holder of our debt securities will generally not be subject to U.S. federal income
tax or withholding tax on any amount which constitutes capital gain upon retirement or other
disposition of a debt security, unless any of the following
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is true: (1) the non-U.S. holders investment in our debt securities is effectively connected with
its conduct of a U.S. trade or business; or (2) the non-U.S. holder is a nonresident alien
individual holding the debt securities as a capital asset and is present in the United States for
183 days or more in the taxable year within which sale, redemption or other disposition takes
place, and certain other conditions are met.
If the non-U.S. holder has a U.S. trade or business and the investment in our debt securities
is effectively connected with that trade or business, the gain on retirement or other disposition
of our debt securities would be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net basis at the rate
applicable to U.S. holders generally. In addition, foreign corporations may be subject to a 30% (or
lower applicable treaty rate) branch profits tax if the investment in the debt securities is
effectively connected with the foreign corporations U.S. trade or business.
Other Tax Considerations
Information Reporting Requirements and Backup Withholding Tax
Under certain circumstances, holders of our securities may be subject to backup withholding at
a rate of 28% through 2010 on payments made with respect to, or cash proceeds of a sale or exchange
of, our securities. Backup withholding will apply only if the holder (1) fails to furnish its
taxpayer identification number, referred to in this section as a TIN (which, for an individual,
would be his or her social security number), (2) furnishes an incorrect TIN, (3) is notified by the
IRS that it has failed to properly report payments of interest and dividends, or (4) under certain
circumstances, fails to certify, under penalty of perjury, that it has not been notified by the IRS
that it is subject to backup withholding for failure to report interest and dividend payments.
Backup withholding will not apply with respect to payments made to certain exempt recipients, such
as corporations and tax-exempt organizations. Prospective investors should consult their own tax
advisors regarding their qualification for exemption from backup withholding and the procedure for
obtaining such an exemption. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Rather, the amount of any
backup withholding with respect to a payment to a holder of our securities will be allowed as a
credit against such holders U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle such holder to a
refund, provided that the required information is furnished to the IRS. In addition, we may be
required to withhold a portion of capital gain distributions to, or gross proceeds from our
redemption of shares or other securities from, any holders who fail to certify their non-foreign
status, if applicable.
Additional issues may arise pertaining to information reporting and backup withholding with
respect to foreign investors, and foreign investors should consult their tax advisors with respect
to any such information reporting and backup withholding requirements. Backup withholding with
respect to foreign investors is not an additional tax. Rather, the amount of any backup withholding
with respect to a payment to a foreign investor will be allowed as a credit against any U.S.
federal income tax liability of such foreign investor. If withholding results in an overpayment of
taxes, a refund may be obtained, provided that the required information is furnished to the IRS.
Dividend Reinvestment Plan
To the extent that a shareholder receives common shares or preferred shares pursuant to a
dividend reinvestment plan, the federal income tax treatment of the shareholder and us will
generally be the same as if the distribution had been made in cash. See Federal Income Taxation of
Shareholders and Taxation of the Company Annual Distribution Requirement above.
Legislative or Other Actions Affecting REITs
The rules dealing with federal income taxation are constantly under review by persons involved
in the legislative process and by the IRS and the U.S. Treasury Department. Changes to the federal
tax laws and interpretations of federal tax laws could adversely affect an investment in our
securities.
State and Local Taxes
We are subject to state, local, or other taxation in various state, local, or other
jurisdictions, including those in which we transact business or own property. In addition, a holder
of our securities may be subject to state, local, or other taxation on our distributions in various
state, local, or other jurisdictions, including the jurisdiction in which the holder resides. The
tax treatment in such jurisdictions may differ from the federal income tax consequences discussed
above. Consequently, prospective investors should consult their own tax advisors regarding the
effect of state, local, and other tax laws on their investment in our securities.
Additional Tax Consequences for Holders of Rights
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See the applicable prospectus supplement for a discussion of any additional tax consequences
for holders of rights offered by such prospectus supplement.
LEGAL MATTERS
Unless otherwise specified in a prospectus supplement, the validity of any securities offered
will be passed upon for us by Ballard Spahr Andrews & Ingersoll, LLP, Baltimore, Maryland. Certain
tax matters will be passed upon for us by Honigman Miller Schwartz and Cohn LLP, Detroit, Michigan.
EXPERTS
The financial statements and schedules as of December 31, 2007 and 2006 and for each of the
three years in the period ended December 31, 2007 and the effectiveness of internal control over
financial reporting as of December 31, 2007 incorporated by reference in this Prospectus have been
so incorporated in reliance on the reports of Grant Thornton, LLP, an independent registered public
accounting firm, incorporated herein by reference, given on the authority of said firm as experts
in auditing and accounting.
DISCLOSURE OF SEC POSITION ON INDEMNIFICATION
FOR SECURITIES ACT LIABILITIES
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted
to directors, officers, trustees and persons controlling the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing
provisions, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against
public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.
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