UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

 

Form 10-K

 

 

Commission file number: 1-06732

COVANTA HOLDING CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

 

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:

(973) 882-9000

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: N/A

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes þ     No o

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act.  Yes o     No þ

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes þ     No o

 

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  þ

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

 

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes o     No þ

 

As of June 29, 2007, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $2,962,710,442. The aggregate market value was computed by using the closing price of the common stock as of that date on the New York Stock Exchange. (For purposes of calculating this amount only, all directors and executive officers of the registrant have been treated as affiliates.)

 

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

 

 

Documents Incorporated By Reference:

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

 

Certain statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K may constitute “forward-looking” statements as defined in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”), Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “PSLRA”) or in releases made by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), all as may be amended from time to time. Such forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause the actual results, performance or achievements of Covanta Holding Corporation and its subsidiaries (“Covanta”) or industry results, to differ materially from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Statements that are not historical fact are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements can be identified by, among other things, the use of forward-looking language, such as the words “plan,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “project,” “may,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should,” “seeks,” or “scheduled to,” or other similar words, or the negative of these terms or other variations of these terms or comparable language, or by discussion of strategy or intentions. These cautionary statements are being made pursuant to the Securities Act, the Exchange Act and the PSLRA with the intention of obtaining the benefits of the “safe harbor” provisions of such laws. Covanta cautions investors that any forward-looking statements made by Covanta are not guarantees or indicative of future performance. Important assumptions and other important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those forward-looking statements with respect to Covanta, include, but are not limited to, the risks and uncertainties affecting its businesses described in Item 1A. Risk Factors of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007 and in other filings by Covanta with the SEC.

 

Although Covanta believes that its plans, intentions and expectations reflected in or suggested by such forward-looking statements are reasonable, actual results could differ materially from a projection or assumption in any of its forward-looking statements. Covanta’s future financial condition and results of operations, as well as any forward-looking statements, are subject to change and inherent risks and uncertainties. The forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are made only as of the date hereof and Covanta does not have, or undertake, any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, subsequent events or otherwise, unless otherwise required by law.

 

You may read and copy any materials Covanta files with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549. Copies of such materials also can be obtained at the SEC’s website, www.sec.gov or by mail from the Public Reference Room of the SEC, at prescribed rates. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the Public Reference Room. Covanta’s SEC filings are also available to the public, free of charge, on its corporate website, www.covantaholding.com as soon as reasonably practicable after Covanta electronically files such material with, or furnishes it to, the SEC. Covanta’s common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange. Material filed by Covanta can be inspected at the offices of the New York Stock Exchange at 20 Broad Street, New York, N.Y. 10005.

PART I

 

 

The terms “we,” “our,” “ours,” “us,” “Covanta” and “Company” refer to Covanta Holding Corporation and its subsidiaries and the term “Covanta Energy” refers to our subsidiary Covanta Energy Corporation and its subsidiaries.

 

We are a leading developer, owner and operator of infrastructure for the conversion of waste to energy (known as “energy-from-waste”), as well as other waste disposal and renewable energy production businesses in the United States, Europe and Asia. We are organized as a holding company which was incorporated in Delaware on April 16, 1992. We conduct all of our operations through subsidiaries which are engaged predominantly in the businesses of waste and energy services. We also engage in the independent power production business outside the United States.

 

We own, have equity investments in, and/or operate 57 energy generation facilities, 47 of which are in the United States and 10 of which are located outside the United States. Our energy generation facilities use a variety of fuels, including municipal solid waste, wood waste (biomass), landfill gas, water (hydroelectric), natural gas, coal, and heavy fuel-oil. We also own or operate several businesses that are associated with our energy-from-waste business, including a waste procurement business, three landfills, and several waste transfer stations.

 

Revenues were $1,433 million, $1,269 million and $979 million and operating income was $237 million, $227 million and $146 million for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively. The increase in revenues and operating income over the past three years is primarily attributable to the successful execution of our operating and growth strategies described below and in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Overview — Acquisitions and Business Development.

 

Our mission is to be the world’s leading energy-from-waste company, with a complementary network of other renewable energy generation and waste disposal assets. We expect to build value for our stockholders by satisfying our clients’ waste disposal and energy generation needs with safe, reliable and environmentally superior solutions. In order to accomplish this mission and create additional value for our stockholders, we are focused on:

 

 

Our business is capital intensive because it is based on building and operating municipal solid waste processing and energy generating facilities. In order to provide meaningful growth through development, we must be able to invest our funds, obtain equity and/or debt financing, and provide support to our operating subsidiaries. During the first quarter of 2007, we completed a comprehensive recapitalization utilizing a series of equity and debt financings. With this refinancing, we now have greater flexibility to pursue strategic opportunities by investing in our business and making acquisitions. Additional information related to our recapitalization is described in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — 2007 Recapitalization and Note 6. Long-Term Debt of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (“Notes”).

 

Our senior management team has extensive experience in developing, constructing, operating, acquiring and integrating waste and energy services businesses. We intend to continue to focus our efforts on pursuing development and acquisition-based growth. We anticipate that a part of our future growth will come from acquiring or investing in additional energy-from-waste, waste disposal and renewable energy production businesses in the United States, Europe and Asia.

 

Our domestic project development efforts include working with our client communities to expand existing energy-from-waste project capacities, new energy-from-waste and other renewable energy projects, contract

extensions, and businesses ancillary to our existing businesses, such as additional waste transfer, transportation, processing and landfill businesses.

 

We are pursuing international waste and/or energy business opportunities, particularly in markets where the market demand, regulatory environment or other factors encourage technologies such as energy-from-waste in order to reduce dependence on landfilling. In particular, we are focusing on the United Kingdom, Ireland and China, as well as Italy, Canada and certain other countries.

 

During 2007, we expanded our network of waste and energy services businesses through acquisitions, equity investments and additional operating and development contracts. In our domestic business, we added three energy-from-waste facilities, one ash landfill, five transfer stations and two biomass projects. In addition, we completed the expansion of the energy-from-waste facility located in and owned by Lee County, Florida, and continued to make progress on the expansion of the Hillsborough County, Florida energy-from-waste facility. In our international business, we announced that we have entered into definitive agreements for the development of a 1,700 metric ton per day (“tpd”) energy-from-waste project serving the City of Dublin, Ireland and surrounding communities. We also purchased an equity interest in one company and agreed to acquire an equity interest in another company both of which are located in China and will be used to develop energy-from-waste projects in China, and one of which has equity interests in two existing energy-from-waste facilities. Additional information related to our acquisitions and business development during 2007 is described in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Overview — Acquisitions and Business Development.

 

We believe that our business offers solutions to public sector leaders around the world in two related elements of critical infrastructure: waste disposal and renewable energy generation. We believe that the environmental benefits of energy-from-waste, as an alternative to landfilling, are clear and compelling: utilizing energy-from-waste reduces greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions, lowers the risk of groundwater contamination, and conserves land. At the same time, energy-from-waste generates clean, reliable energy from a renewable fuel source, thus reducing dependence on fossil fuels, the combustion of which is itself a major contributor to GHG emissions. As public planners in the United States, Europe and Asia address their needs for more environmentally sensitive waste disposal and energy generation in the years ahead, we believe that energy-from-waste will be an increasingly attractive alternative.

 

Prior to January 1, 2007, we had two reportable business segments — Waste and Energy Services and Other Services. Given our increased focus on developing our international business, during the first quarter of 2007, we segregated what we previously reported as our Waste and Energy Services segment into two new segments: Domestic and International. Our remaining operations, which we previously reported as our Other Services segment and was comprised of the holding company and insurance subsidiaries’ operations, did not meet the quantitative thresholds which required separate disclosure as a reportable segment. Therefore, our reportable segments are now Domestic and International, which are comprised of our domestic and international waste and energy services operations, respectively.

 

The financial results of the holding company primarily consist of interest expense and income. General and administrative expenses related to officer salaries, legal and other professional fees and insurance are reimbursed by the operating subsidiaries.

 

Our predominant business is the waste and energy services business, however our historical consolidated operations were conducted in the insurance industry prior to the acquisition of Covanta Energy in March 2004. Our insurance business continues to represent an important element of our structure in that our net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) were primarily generated through the operations of these former subsidiaries. See Note 9. Income Taxes of the Notes for more information about our NOLs.

 

Additional information about our business segments is contained in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Overview — Business Segments and in Note 5. Financial Information by Business Segments of the Notes.

 

Energy-From-Waste Projects

 

Energy-from-waste projects have two essential purposes: to provide waste disposal services, typically to municipal clients who sponsor the projects, and to use that waste as a fuel source to generate renewable energy. The electricity or steam generated is generally sold to local utilities or industrial customers, and most of the resulting revenues reduce the overall cost of waste disposal services to the municipal clients. These projects are capable of providing waste disposal services and generating electricity or steam, if properly operated and maintained, for several decades. Generally, we provide these waste disposal services and sell the electricity and steam generated under long-term contracts, which expire on various dates between 2008 and 2034. Many of our service contracts may be renewed for varying periods of time, at the option of the municipal client.

 

We receive revenue in the form of fees pursuant to the service or waste contracts, and in some cases, energy purchase agreements, at facilities we own or operate. We market waste disposal services to third parties predominantly to efficiently utilize that portion of the waste disposal capacity of our energy-from-waste projects which is not dedicated to municipal clients.

 

We currently operate energy-from-waste projects in 15 states. Most of our energy-from-waste projects were developed and structured contractually as part of competitive procurement processes conducted by municipal entities. As a result, many of these projects have common features. However, each service agreement is different reflecting the specific needs and concerns of a client community, applicable regulatory requirements and other factors. The following describes features generally common to these agreements, as well as important distinctions among them:

 

 

Our service and waste disposal agreements, as well as our energy contracts, expire at various times. The extent to which any such expiration will affect us will depend upon a variety of factors, including whether we own the project, market conditions then prevailing, and whether the municipal client exercises options it may have to extend the contract term. As our contracts expire, we will become subject to greater market risk in maintaining and enhancing our revenues. As service agreements at municipally-owned facilities expire, we intend to seek to enter into renewal or replacement contracts to operate such facilities. We will also seek to bid competitively in the market for additional contracts to operate other facilities as similar contracts of other vendors expire. As our service and waste disposal agreements at facilities we own or lease begin to expire, we intend to seek replacement or additional contracts, and because project debt on these facilities will be paid off at such time, we expect to be able to offer rates that will attract sufficient quantities of waste while providing acceptable revenues to us. At facilities we own, the expiration of existing energy contracts will require us to sell our output either into the local electricity grid at prevailing rates or pursuant to new contracts. See discussion under Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Overview — Contract Duration for additional information concerning the expiration of existing contracts.

 

To date, we have been successful in extending our existing contracts to operate energy-from-waste facilities owned by municipal clients where market conditions and other factors make it attractive for both us and our municipal clients to do so. See discussion under Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Overview — Acquisitions and Business Development for additional information concerning development projects. The extent to which additional extensions will be attractive to us and to our municipal clients who own their projects will depend upon the market and other factors noted above. However, we do not believe that either our success or lack of success in entering into additional negotiated extensions to operate such facilities will have a material impact on our cash flow and profitability. See Item 1A. Risk Factors — We may face increased risk of market influences on our revenues after our contracts expire.

 

In conjunction with our domestic energy-from-waste business, we also operate ten transfer stations and three landfills in the northeast United States, which we utilize to supplement and manage more efficiently the fuel and ash

disposal requirements at our energy-from-waste operations. We provide waste procurement services to our waste disposal and transfer facilities which have available capacity to receive waste. With these services we seek to maximize our revenue and ensure that our energy-from-waste facilities are being utilized most efficiently, taking into account maintenance schedules and operating restrictions that may exist from time to time at each facility. We also provide management and marketing of ferrous and non-ferrous metals recovered from energy-from-waste operations, as well as services related to non-hazardous special waste destruction and residue management for our energy-from-waste projects.

 

Other Renewable Energy Projects

 

We also engage domestically in developing, owning and/or operating renewable energy production facilities utilizing a variety of energy sources including waste wood (biomass), water (hydroelectric), and landfill gas. We sell the electrical output from each facility, with one exception, to local utilities. We derive our revenues from these facilities primarily from the sale of energy and capacity under energy contracts.

 

Biomass — We own five wood-fired generation facilities and have a 55% interest in a partnership which owns a sixth wood-fired generation facility, all of which are located in California. We procure fuel for the facilities from local sources, primarily through short-term supply agreements. The price of the fuel varies depending on the time of the year, supply and price of energy. These projects sell energy and capacity to utilities under energy contracts that expire between 2014 and 2017.

 

Hydroelectric — We own a 50% equity interest in two run-of-river hydroelectric facilities which have a combined gross generating capacity of 17 megawatts (“MW”). Both facilities are located in the State of Washington and both sell energy and capacity to Puget Sound Energy under long-term energy contracts. We provide operation and maintenance services at one of the facilities under a cost plus fixed-fee agreement.

 

Landfill Gas — We own and operate four landfill gas projects located in California and one in Massachusetts which produce electricity by burning methane gas produced in landfills. These projects sell energy to various utilities. Upon the expiration of the energy contracts, we expect that these projects will enter into new power off-take arrangements or will be shut down.

 

Summary information with respect to our domestic projects that are currently operating is provided in the following table:

 

 

 

 

 

General Approach to International Projects

 

We conduct our international waste and energy businesses through our foreign subsidiaries and affiliates. In general, these projects provide cash returns primarily from equity distributions and, to a lesser extent, operating fees. The projects sell the electricity and steam they generate under either short-term or long-term contracts or market concessions to utilities, governmental agencies providing power distribution, creditworthy industrial users, or local governmental units. Energy-from-waste facilities also sell waste disposal services. In developing our international business, we have employed the same general approach to projects as is described above with respect to domestic projects. We intend to seek to develop or participate in additional international projects, particularly energy-from-waste projects, where the regulatory or market environment is attractive. The ownership and operation of facilities in foreign countries potentially entails significant political and financial uncertainties that typically are not encountered in such activities in the United States, as described below and discussed in Item 1A. Risk Factors. With respect to some international energy-from-waste projects, ownership transfer to the sponsoring municipality, for nominal consideration, is required following expiration of the project’s long-term operating contract.

 

 

We have sought to manage and mitigate these risks through all appropriate means, including:

 

 

We determine which mitigation measures to apply based on our ability to balance the risks presented, the availability of such measures and their cost.

 

We have generally participated in projects which provide services that are treated as a matter of national or key economic importance by the laws and politics of the host country. Therefore, there is a risk that the assets constituting the facilities of these projects could be temporarily or permanently expropriated or nationalized by a host country, made subject to local or national control or be subject to unfavorable legislative action, regulatory decisions or changes in taxation. We believe that working with experienced and reputable local joint venture partners mitigates this risk as well.

 

In certain cases, we have issued guarantees on behalf of our international operating subsidiaries with respect to contractual obligations to operate certain international power projects and energy-from-waste projects. The potential damages we may owe under such arrangements may be material. Depending upon the circumstances giving rise to such damages, the contractual terms of the applicable contracts, and the contract counterparty’s choice of remedy at the time a claim against a guarantee is made, the amounts owed pursuant to one or more of such guarantees could be greater than our then-available sources of funds. To date, we have not incurred any material liabilities under such guarantees on international projects.

 

International Projects

 

We presently have interests in international power projects with an aggregate generating capacity of approximately 969 MW (gross), with our portion of the ownership in these facilities representing approximately 365 MW. In addition to our headquarters in Fairfield, New Jersey, our international business is facilitated through field offices in Shanghai and Guangzhou, China; Chennai, India; Manila, Philippines; Bangkok, Thailand; and Birmingham, England. The following describes the important features of these projects, by fuel type:

 

Energy-From-Waste

 

We own a 40% equity interest in Sanfeng Covanta Environmental Industry Co., Ltd. (“Sanfeng”), a company located in Chongqing Municipality, Peoples Republic of China. Sanfeng is engaged in the business of owning and operating energy-from-waste projects and providing design and engineering, procurement and construction services for energy-from-waste facilities in China. Sanfeng currently owns minority equity interests in two 1,200 metric tpd, 24 MW mass-burn energy-from-waste projects. Chongqing Iron & Steel Company (Group) Limited holds the remaining 60% equity interest in Sanfeng. The solid waste supply for the projects comes from municipalities under long-term contracts. The municipalities also have the obligation to coordinate the purchase of power from the facilities as part of the long-term contracts for waste disposal. The electrical output from these projects is sold at governmentally established preferential rates under short-term arrangements with local power bureaus.

We entered into an agreement to acquire a 40% equity interest in Guangzhou Development Covanta Environmental Energy Co., Ltd (“GDC Environmental Energy”), a company to be located in Guangzhou Municipality, Peoples Republic of China. GDC Environmental Energy will be a newly-formed entity involved in developing energy-from-waste projects in Guangdong Providence in Southeast China. Guangzhou Development Industry (Holdings) Co. Ltd. holds the remaining 60% equity interest in GDC Environmental Energy through a wholly-owned subsidiary. Our investment in GDC Environmental Energy is subject to various regulatory approvals and is expected to be completed during early 2008.

 

We own a 13% equity interest in a 500 metric tpd, 18 MW mass-burn energy-from-waste project at Trezzo sull’Adda in the Lombardy Region of Italy. The remainder of the equity in the project is held by a subsidiary of Falck S.p.A. and the municipality of Trezzo sull’Adda. The project is operated by Ambiente 2000 S.r.l., an Italian special purpose limited liability company of which we own 40%. The solid waste supply for the project comes from municipalities and privately-owned waste haulers under long-term contracts. The electrical output from the Trezzo project is sold at governmentally established preferential rates under a long-term purchase contract to Italy’s state-owned electricity grid operator, Gestore della Rete di Trasmissione Nazionale S.p.A.

 

Hydroelectric

 

We operate two hydroelectric facilities in Costa Rica through an operating subsidiary pursuant to long-term contracts. We also have a nominal equity investment in each project. The electric output from both of these facilities is sold to Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, a Costa Rica national electric utility.

 

Coal

 

A partnership, in which we hold a 26% equity interest, owns a 510 MW (gross) coal-fired electric power generation facility located in Mauban, Quezon Province, the Philippines (“Quezon”). The remaining equity interests are held by an affiliate of International Generating Company, an affiliate of General Electric Capital Corporation, and an entity owned by the original project developer. The Quezon project sells electricity to the Manila Electric Company (“Meralco”), the largest electric distribution company in the Philippines, which serves the area surrounding and including metropolitan Manila.

 

Under an energy contract expiring in 2025, Meralco is obligated to take-or-pay for stated minimum annual quantities of electricity at an all-in price which consists of capacity, operating, energy, transmission and other fees adjusted for inflation, fuel cost and foreign exchange fluctuations. The Quezon project has entered into two coal supply contracts expiring in 2015 and 2022. Under these supply contracts, the cost of coal is determined using a base energy price adjusted to fluctuations of specified international benchmark prices. Our wholly-owned subsidiary, Covanta Philippines Operating, Inc., operates the project under a long-term agreement with the Quezon project and we have obtained political risk insurance for our equity investment in this project.

 

On February 21, 2008, the Quezon project and Meralco executed agreements which effect a settlement of various issues which had been pending for several years, including certain amendments to the contract to modify certain commercial terms and to resolve issues relating to the project’s performance during its first year of operation. The settlement primarily includes payment by Meralco of approximately $8.5 million of prior uncollected receivables, a reduction in the capital cost rate recovery payable by Meralco and other terms.

 

We also have a majority equity interest in a 24 MW (gross) coal-fired cogeneration facility in the Peoples Republic of China. The project entity, in which we hold a majority interest, operates this project. The party holding a minority position in the project is an affiliate of the local municipal government. While the steam produced at this project is intended to be sold under a long-term contract to its industrial host, in practice, steam has been sold on either a short-term basis to local industries or the industrial host, in each case at varying rates and quantities. The electric power is sold at an “average grid rate” to a subsidiary of the provincial power bureau. During 2007, we sold our interest in a second coal-fired project in China.

Natural Gas

 

We hold a 45% equity interest in a barge-mounted 126 MW (gross) diesel/natural gas-fired electric power generation facility located near Haripur, Bangladesh. The remaining equity interests are held by Pendekar Energy (L) Ltd (a consortium of Tanjong Energy Holdings Sdn Bhd (Malaysia) and Al-Jomaih Group (Saudi Arabia)) and an affiliate of Wartsila North America, Inc. The electrical output of the project is sold to the Bangladesh Power Development Board (“BPDB”) pursuant to an energy contract with minimum energy off-take provisions at an all-in price divided into a fuel component and an “other” component. The fuel component reimburses the fuel cost incurred by the project up to a specified heat rate. The “other” component consists of a pre-determined base rate which is adjusted for the actual load factor and foreign exchange fluctuations. The BPDB also supplies all of the project’s natural gas requirements at a pre-determined base cost adjusted for fluctuations on actual landed cost of the fuel in Bangladesh. The Government of Bangladesh guarantees the BPDB’s contractual obligations. We operate the project under a long-term agreement with the project company and we have obtained political risk insurance for our equity interest in this project.

 

Heavy Fuel-Oil

 

We hold majority equity interests in two 106 MW (gross) heavy fuel-oil fired electric power generation facilities in India. We hold a 60% equity interest in the first project (the “Samalpatti project”), which is located near Samalpatti, in the state of Tamil Nadu. The remaining equity interests in the Salmalpatti project are held by affiliates of Shapoorji Pallonji Infrastructure Capital Co. Ltd. and by Wartsila India Power Investment, LLC. We hold a 77% equity interest in the second project (the “Madurai project”), which is located in Samayanallur, also in the state of Tamil Nadu. The remaining equity interest in the Madurai project is held by an Indian company controlled by the original project developer. Both projects sell their electrical output to the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (“TNEB”) pursuant to long-term agreements with a full pass-through all-in pricing structure that takes into account specified heat rates, operation and maintenance costs, and equity returns. TNEB’s obligations are guaranteed by the government of the state of Tamil Nadu. Indian oil companies supply the oil requirements of both projects through 15-year fuel supply agreements based on market prices. We operate both projects through subsidiaries under long-term agreements with the project companies.

 

Disputing several contractual provisions, TNEB has, since 2001, failed to pay the full amount due under the energy contracts for both the Samalpatti and Madurai projects. To date, TNEB has paid the undisputed portion of its payment obligations (approximately 94% of total billings) representing each project’s operating costs, fuel costs, debt service and some equity return. Similar to many Indian state electricity boards, TNEB has also failed to fund an escrow account or post a letter of credit required under the project energy contracts, which failure constitutes a default under the project finance documents. Project lenders for both projects have either granted periodic waivers of such default or potential default and/or otherwise approved scheduled equity distributions. Neither such default nor potential default in the project financing arrangements constitutes a default under our financing arrangements. It is possible that the issue of the escrow account and/or letter of credit requirement will be resolved as part of the overall negotiation with TNEB with respect to the disputed receivables in both projects.

 

During 2007, we disposed of our interest in a 7 MW heavy fuel-oil fired electric power generation facility located in the Philippines.

Summary information with respect to our international projects that are currently operating is provided in the following table:

 

 

 

 

General Business Conditions

 

Our business can be adversely affected by general economic conditions, war, inflation, adverse competitive conditions, governmental restrictions and controls, changes in laws, natural disasters, energy shortages, fuel costs, weather, the adverse financial condition of customers and suppliers, various technological changes and other factors over which we have no control. As global populations and consequent economic activity increase, we expect that demand for energy and effective waste management technologies will increase. We expect this to create generally favorable conditions for our existing business and for our efforts to grow our business. We expect that any cyclical or structural downturns in general economic activity may adversely affect both our existing businesses and our ability to grow through development or acquisitions. The domestic marketplace for renewable energy projects, including energy-from-waste projects, may be affected by the current policy debates described below under Regulation of Business — Regulations Affecting our Domestic Business — Recent Policy Debate Regarding Climate Change. We are actively engaged in the current discussion among policy makers regarding the benefits of energy-from-waste and other renewable energy technologies. The extent to which any resulting legislation will affect the markets in which we compete may depend in part on the extent to which any such legislation recognizes those benefits.

 

Competition for new contracts and projects is intense in all markets in which we conduct or intend to conduct business, and our businesses are subject to a variety of competitive, regulatory and market influences.

 

With respect to our waste-related businesses, including our energy-from-waste and waste procurement business, we compete in waste disposal markets, which are highly competitive. In the United States, the market for waste disposal is almost entirely price-driven and is greatly influenced by economic factors within regional “waste sheds.” These factors include:

 

 

In the domestic waste disposal market, disposal service providers seek to obtain waste supplies to their facilities by competing on disposal price (usually on a per-ton basis) with other disposal service providers. At all but ten of our energy-from-waste facilities, we typically do not compete in this market because we do not have the contractual right to solicit waste. At these facilities, the client community is responsible for obtaining the waste, if necessary by competing on price to obtain the tons of waste it has contractually promised to deliver to us. At ten of our energy-from-waste facilities and at our waste procurement services businesses, we are responsible for obtaining material amounts of waste supply, and therefore, actively compete in these markets to enter into spot, medium- and long-term contracts. These energy-from-waste projects are generally in densely populated areas, with high waste generation rates and numerous large and small participants in the regional market. Our waste operations are largely concentrated in the northeastern United States. See Item 1A. Risk Factors — Our waste operations are concentrated in one region, and expose us to regional economic or market declines for additional information concerning this geographic concentration. Certain of our competitors in these markets are vertically-integrated waste companies which include waste collection operations, and thus have the ability to control supplies of waste which may restrict our ability to offer disposal services at attractive prices. Our business does not include waste collection operations.

 

If a long-term contract expires and is not renewed or extended by a client community, our percentage of contracted disposal capacity will decrease, and we will need to compete in the regional market for waste disposal. At that point, we will compete on price with landfills, transfer stations, other energy-from-waste facilities and other waste disposal technologies that are then offering disposal service in the region. See discussion under Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Overview — Contract Duration for additional information concerning the expiration of existing contracts.

Both domestically and internationally, we may develop or acquire, ourselves or jointly with others, additional waste or energy projects and/or businesses. If we were to do so in a competitive procurement, we would face competition in the selection process from other companies, some of which may have greater financial resources, or more experience in the regional waste and/or energy markets. If we were selected, the amount of market competition we would thereafter face would depend upon the extent to which the revenue at any such project or business would be committed under contract. If we were to develop or acquire additional projects or businesses not in the context of a competitive procurement, we would face competition in the regional market and compete on price with landfills, transfer stations, other energy-from-waste facilities, other energy producers and other waste disposal or energy generation technologies that are then offering service in the region.

 

In our international energy-from-waste business, we compete principally for new energy-from-waste contracts and projects in China and the United Kingdom, generally in response to public tenders. In both of these markets, there are numerous local and foreign companies with whom we compete for such contracts and projects. If we were to be successful in obtaining such contracts or projects, we expect that a significant portion of each project’s waste disposal capacity would be under long-term contracts, thus reducing the competition to which we would be subject in waste disposal markets.

 

With respect to our electricity sales from most of our energy-from-waste projects and other energy projects, we primarily sell our output pursuant to long-term contracts. Accordingly, we generally do not sell our output into markets where we must compete on price. As these contracts expire, we will participate in such markets if we are unable to enter into new or renewed long-term contracts. In certain countries where we are seeking new waste and energy projects, such as China and the United Kingdom, we may sell our electricity output on short term arrangements to local or regional government entities, or directly into the local electricity grid, rather than pursuant to contract. In these markets we will have greater exposure to electricity price fluctuations. As energy prices continue to rise in the United States and other countries, we may sell our output pursuant to short-term agreements or directly into regional electricity grids, in which case we would have relatively greater exposure to energy market fluctuations. See discussion under Item 1A. Risk Factors — We may face increased risk of market influences on our revenues after our contracts expire for additional information concerning the expiration of existing contracts.

 

Once a contract is awarded or a project is financed and constructed, our business can be impacted by a variety of risk factors which can affect profitability over the life of a project. Some of these risks are at least partially within our control, such as successful operation in compliance with laws and the presence or absence of labor difficulties or disturbances. Other risk factors are largely out of our control and may have an adverse impact on a project over a long-term. See Item 1A. Risk Factors for more information on these types of risks.

 

Technology, Research and Development

 

We have the exclusive right to market the proprietary mass-burn technology of Martin GmbH fur Umwelt und Energietechnik, referred to herein as “Martin” in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Bermuda and certain Caribbean countries (the “Territory”). Through our investment in Sanfeng, we also have access to the Martin Sity 2000 mass-burn technology in China. The principal feature of the Martin technology is the reverse-reciprocating stoker grate upon which the waste is burned. The patent for the basic stoker grate technology used in the Martin technology has expired and there are various other expired and unexpired patents relating to the Martin technology. We believe that it is Martin’s know-how and worldwide reputation in the energy-from-waste industry, and our know-how in designing, constructing and operating energy-from-waste facilities, rather than the use of patented technology, that is important to our competitive position in the energy-from-waste industry. We do not believe that the expiration of the remaining patents covering portions of the Martin technology will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or competitive position.

 

Since 1984, our rights to the Martin technology have been provided pursuant to a cooperation agreement with Martin which gives us exclusive rights to market, and distribute parts and equipment for the Martin technology in the Territory. Martin is obligated to assist us in installing, operating and maintaining facilities incorporating the Martin technology. The cooperation agreement renews automatically each year unless notice of termination is given, in which case, the cooperation agreement would terminate ten years after such notice. Any termination would

not affect our rights to design, construct, operate, maintain or repair energy-from-waste facilities for which contracts have been entered into or proposals made prior to the date of termination.

 

We believe that mass-burn technology is now the predominant technology used for the combustion of municipal solid waste. We believe that the Martin technology is a proven and reliable mass-burn technology, and that our association with Martin has created significant name recognition and value for our domestic energy-from-waste business. Through facility acquisitions, we own and/or operate energy-from-waste facilities which utilize additional technologies, including non-Martin mass-burn technologies and refuse-derived fuel technologies which include pre-combustion waste processing not required with a mass-burn design. As we continue our efforts to develop and/or acquire additional energy-from-waste projects internationally, we will consider mass-burn and other technologies, including technologies other than those offered by Martin, which best fit the needs of the local environment of a particular project.

 

We believe that energy-from-waste technologies offer an environmentally superior solution to waste disposal and energy challenges faced by leaders around the world, and that our efforts to expand our domestic and international businesses will be enhanced by the development of additional technologies in such fields as emission controls, residue disposal, alternative waste treatment processes, and combustion controls. During 2007, we advanced our research and development efforts in these areas, and have developed new and cost-effective technologies that represented major advances in controlling nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. These technologies, for which patents are pending, have been tested at existing facilities and we are now operating and/or installing such systems at several of our facilities. We also developed and have patents pending for a proprietary process to improve the handling of the residue from our energy-from-waste facilities. We intend to maintain a focus in the years ahead on research and development of technologies in these and other areas that we believe will enhance our competitive position, and offer new technical solutions to waste and energy problems that augment and complement our business.

 

Regulations Affecting Our Domestic Business

 

Environmental Regulations

 

Our business activities in the United States are pervasively regulated pursuant to federal, state and local environmental laws. Federal laws, such as the Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act, and their state counterparts, govern discharges of pollutants to air and water. Other federal, state and local laws comprehensively govern the generation, transportation, storage, treatment and disposal of solid and hazardous waste and also regulate the storage and handling of chemicals and petroleum products (such laws and regulations are referred to collectively as the “Environmental Regulatory Laws”).

 

Other federal, state and local laws, such as the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act commonly known as “CERCLA,” and collectively referred to with such other laws as the “Environmental Remediation Laws,” make us potentially liable on a joint and several basis for any onsite or offsite environmental contamination which may be associated with our activities and the activities at our sites. These include landfills we have owned, operated or leased, or at which there has been disposal of residue or other waste generated, handled or processed by our facilities. Some state and local laws also impose liabilities for injury to persons or property caused by site contamination. Some service agreements provide us with indemnification from certain liabilities. In addition, our landfill gas projects have access rights to landfill sites pursuant to certain leases that permit the installation, operation and maintenance of landfill gas collection systems. A portion of these landfill sites have been federally-designated “Superfund” sites. Each of these leases provide us with indemnification from some liabilities associated with these sites.

 

The Environmental Regulatory Laws require that many permits be obtained before the commencement of construction and operation of any waste, renewable energy project or water facility, and further require that permits be maintained throughout the operating life of the facility. We can provide no assurance that all required permits will be issued or re-issued, and the process of obtaining such permits can often cause lengthy delays, including

delays caused by third-party appeals challenging permit issuance. Our failure to meet conditions of these permits or of the Environmental Regulatory Laws can subject us to regulatory enforcement actions by the appropriate governmental unit, which could include fines, penalties, damages or other sanctions, such as orders requiring certain remedial actions or limiting or prohibiting operation. See Item 1A. Risk Factors — Compliance with environmental laws could adversely affect our results of operations. To date, we have not incurred material penalties, been required to incur material capital costs or additional expenses, or been subjected to material restrictions on our operations as a result of violations of Environmental Regulatory Laws or permit requirements.

 

Although our operations are occasionally subject to proceedings and orders pertaining to emissions into the environment and other environmental violations, which may result in fines, penalties, damages or other sanctions, we believe that we are in substantial compliance with existing Environmental Regulatory Laws. We may be identified, along with other entities, as being among parties potentially responsible for contribution to costs associated with the correction and remediation of environmental conditions at disposal sites subject to CERCLA and/or analogous state Environmental Remediation Laws. Our ultimate liability in connection with such environmental claims will depend on many factors, including our volumetric share of waste, the total cost of remediation, and the financial viability of other companies that have also sent waste to a given site and, in the case of divested operations, our contractual arrangement with the purchaser of such operations.

 

The Environmental Regulatory Laws may change. New technology may be required or stricter standards may be established for the control of discharges of air or water pollutants, for storage and handling of petroleum products or chemicals, or for solid or hazardous waste or ash handling and disposal. Thus, as new technology is developed and proven, we may be required to incorporate it into new facilities or make major modifications to existing facilities. This new technology may often be more expensive than the technology we use currently.

 

In 2006, the Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) issued revisions to the New Source Performance Standards (“NSPS”) and Emission Guidelines (“EG”) applicable to new and existing municipal waste combustion (“MWC”) units (the “Revised MACT Rule”). The Revised MACT Rule lowered the emission limits for most of the regulated air pollutants emitted by MWCs. The general compliance deadline for the revised EG is April 28, 2009; however, the actual compliance date for a particular facility may be earlier or later depending on the state in which the facility is located. We expect that one existing energy-from-waste facility, which we operate on behalf of a municipality, will require certain capital improvements to comply with revised EG. Most existing facilities also will incur increased operating and maintenance costs to meet the revised EG requirements, none of which are expected to be material.

 

In February 2008, in response to a lawsuit, EPA was granted a voluntary remand of the Revised MACT Rule for the purpose of reconsidering the MWC emission limits. A new rulemaking is expected which may result in more stringent MWC emission limits than are currently included in the Revised MACT Rule; however, pending any such revisions, the requirements and compliance deadlines included in the Revised MACT Rule, discussed above, would remain applicable to subject MWCs. We are not able to predict the timing and potential outcome of any such new rulemaking with respect to MWC emission limits at this time.

 

Also in 2006, EPA issued a final rule to implement the revised National Ambient Air Quality Standards for fine particulate matter, or PM2.5 (“Revised PM2.5 Rule”). Unlike the Revised MACT Rule discussed above, the Revised PM2.5 Rule is not specific to energy-from-waste facilities, but instead is a nationwide standard for ambient air quality. The primary impact of the Revised PM2.5 Rule will be on those counties in certain states that are designated by EPA as “non-attainment” with respect to those standards. EPA’s Revised PM2.5 Rule will guide state implementation plan (“SIP”) revisions and could result in more stringent regulation of certain energy-from-waste facility emissions that already are regulated by the Revised MACT Rule. EPA is expected to make “non-attainment” designations pursuant to the Revised PM2.5 Rule by November 2009; however, SIP revisions to meet the Revised PM2.5 Rule will not be due until April 2013.

 

The costs to meet new rules for existing facilities owned by municipal clients generally will be borne by the municipal clients. For projects we own or lease, some municipal clients have the obligation to fund such capital improvements, and at certain of our projects we may be required to fund a portion of the related costs. In certain cases, we are required to fund the full cost of capital improvements.

We believe that most costs incurred to meet the Revised MACT Rule and Revised PM2.5 Rule at facilities we operate may be recovered from municipal clients and other users of our facilities through increased fees permitted to be charged under applicable contracts.

 

The Environmental Remediation Laws prohibit disposal of regulated hazardous waste at our municipal solid waste facilities. The service agreements recognize the potential for inadvertent and improper deliveries of hazardous waste and specify procedures for dealing with hazardous waste that is delivered to a facility. Under some service agreements, we are responsible for some costs related to hazardous waste deliveries. We have not incurred material hazardous waste disposal costs to date.

 

Energy Regulations

 

Our businesses are subject to the provisions of federal, state and local energy laws applicable to the development, ownership and operation of domestic facilities. Pursuant to the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 (“PURPA”), the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC”) has promulgated regulations that exempt qualifying facilities (cogeneration facilities and other facilities making use of non-fossil fuel power sources such as waste, which meet certain size, ownership and other applicable requirements, referred to as “QFs”) from compliance with certain provisions of the Federal Power Act (“FPA”), the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 (“PUHCA”) (repealed effective February 2006), and certain state laws regulating the rates charged by, or the financial and organizational activities of, electric utilities. PURPA was enacted in 1978 to encourage the development of, among other things, utility electricity generating facilities by requiring electric utilities to offer to purchase electric energy from and sell electric energy to QFs at non-discriminatory rates. The exemptions afforded by PURPA to QFs from regulation under the FPA and most aspects of state electric utility regulation are of great importance to us and our competitors in the energy-from-waste and independent power industries. Except with respect to energy-from-waste facilities with a net power production capacity in excess of 30 MW (where rates are set by the FERC), state public utility commissions must approve the rates, and in some instances other contract terms, by which public utilities purchase electric power from QFs.

 

The Energy Policy Act of 2005, passed in August 2005, made certain changes to the federal energy laws applicable to our business, the most significant of which are described below:

 

 

Recent Policy Debate Regarding Climate Change

 

Increased public and political debate has occurred recently over the need for additional regulation of greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions (principally carbon dioxide (“CO₂”) and methane) as a contributor to climate change. Such regulations could in the future affect our business. As is the case with all combustion, our facilities do emit CO₂, however we believe that energy-from-waste creates net reductions in GHG emissions, because it also avoids CO₂ emissions from fossil fuel power plants, methane emissions from landfills, and GHG emissions from mining and processing metal. In addition, energy-from-waste facilities typically are located closer to the source of the waste and thus typically reduce fossil fuel consumption and air emissions associated with long-haul transportation of waste to landfills. For policy makers at the local level, who make decisions on waste disposal alternatives, we believe that using energy-from-waste instead of landfilling will result in significantly lower net GHG emissions, while also introducing more control over the cost of waste disposal and supply of local electrical power. We are actively engaged in encouraging policy makers at state and federal levels to enact legislation that supports energy-from-waste as a superior choice for communities to avoid both the environmental harm caused by landfilling waste, and reduce local reliance on fossil fuels as a source of energy.

 

During 2007, substantial debate occurred in Congress in the context of energy legislation with respect to proposed policy changes designed to encourage electricity generation from renewable sources. While the final energy legislation, enacted during December 2007, did not include specific requirements for electricity generation from renewable sources, Congress is expected to continue to debate and ultimately enact some form of legislation regarding the need to encourage renewable electricity generation. The extent to which such potential legislation will affect our business will depend in part on whether energy-from-waste and our other renewable technologies are included within the range of renewable technologies that could benefit from such legislation.

 

Congress is also expected to debate proposed legislation addressing climate change, which would require regulation of a broad range of activities affecting climate, potentially including the operation of our facilities. Certain proposed legislation would establish a “cap and trade” program for CO₂ emissions with a market-based emissions trading system aimed at reducing emissions of CO₂ below baseline levels. We cannot predict at this time whether our facilities would be included within the scope of potential regulation under such climate change legislation, or whether our business will otherwise be affected positively or negatively.

 

While the political discussion in Congress, as well as at the state and regional levels, has not been aimed specifically at waste or energy-from-waste businesses, regulatory initiatives developed to date have been broad in scope and designed generally to promote renewable energy, develop a certified GHG inventory, and ultimately reduce GHG emissions. Many of these more developed initiatives have been at the state or regional levels, and some initiatives exist in regions where we have projects. For example, during 2006, a group of seven northeastern states, including Connecticut, New Jersey and New York, acting through the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (“RGGI”), issued a “model rule” to implement reductions in GHG emissions. The RGGI model rule also featured a “cap and trade” program for regional CO₂ emissions, initially fixed at 1990 levels, followed by incremental reductions below those levels after 2014. To date, RGGI has been focused on fossil fuel-fired electric generators and does not directly affect energy-from-waste facilities; however, we continue to monitor developments with respect to state implementation of RGGI and intend to participate in rulemaking.

 

We expect that initiatives intended to reduce GHG, such as RGGI and any federal legislation that would impose similar “cap and trade” programs, may cause electricity prices to rise, thus potentially affecting the prices at which we sell electricity from our facilities which sell into the market.

 

Among states, California has assumed a leadership role in curtailing GHG emissions. During 2006, California enacted the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (“AB 32”). AB 32 requires annual reporting of GHG emissions for sources deemed “significant” by California’s Air Resources Board (“CARB”) and sets emission limits to cut California’s emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. During 2006, we joined the California Climate Action

Registry, certifying our GHG emissions from our California facilities. As a member, we will participate in the evolving regulatory process by which the CARB will implement the requirements of AB 32. Until CARB issues its regulatory GHG emission reduction program, we cannot predict with certainty the impact of AB 32 on our California facilities.

 

We have also joined The Climate Registry, a voluntary, collaborative North American GHG emissions registry that is directed by environmental regulators from member states and is supported by regional air quality consortiums. The mission of The Climate Registry is to create a single GHG emissions reporting and verification platform for use throughout North America, using a reporting protocol similar to that already in place in California. The Climate Registry presently includes 39 states (including all but one of the states in which we have operations), the District of Columbia, three Native American tribes, six Canadian Provinces and two Mexican states. In joining The Climate Registry, we will voluntarily report GHG emissions from our energy-from-waste and other technologies. We also plan to participate in rulemaking efforts at the state and federal level which may rely on The Climate Registry as the basis for GHG regulation. To date, at least 54 corporations, state and local governments, and other organizations have joined The Climate Registry as voluntary reporters of GHG emissions.

 

Regulations Affecting Our International Business

 

We have ownership and operating interests in energy generation facilities outside the United States. Most countries have expansive systems for the regulation of the energy business. These generally include provisions relating to ownership, licensing, rate setting and financing of generation and transmission facilities.

 

We provide waste and energy services through environmentally protective project designs, regardless of the location of a particular project. Compliance with environmental standards comparable to those of the United States are often conditions to credit agreements by multilateral banking agencies, as well as other lenders or credit providers. The laws of various countries include pervasive regulation of emissions into the environment, and provide governmental entities with the authority to impose sanctions for violations, although these requirements are generally different from those applicable in the United States. See Item 1A. Risk Factors — Exposure to international economic and political factors may materially and adversely affect our international businesses and — Compliance with environmental laws could adversely affect our results of operations.

 

Climate Change Policies

 

Certain international markets in which we compete have recently adopted regulatory or policy frameworks that encourage energy-from-waste projects as important components of GHG reduction strategies, as well as waste management planning and practice. For example, the European Union has adopted regulations which require member countries to reduce utilization of and reliance upon landfill disposal. The legislation emanating from the European Union is primarily in the form of “Directives,” which are not directly applicable within the member countries. Rather, they need enabling legislation to implement them, which results in significant variance between the legislative schemes introduced by member countries. Certain Directives notably affect the regulation of energy-from-waste facilities across the European Union. These include (1) Directive 96/61/EC concerning integrated pollution prevention and control (known as the “PPC Directive”) which governs emissions to air, land and water from certain large industrial installations, (2) Directive 1999/31/EC concerning the landfill of waste (known as the “Landfill Directive”) which imposes operational and technical controls on landfills and restricts, on a reducing scale to the year 2020, the amount of biodegradable municipal waste which member countries may dispose of to landfill, and (3) Directive 2000/76/EC concerning the incineration of waste (known as the “Waste Incineration Directive” or “WID”), which imposes limits on emissions to air from the incineration and co-incineration of waste. Member countries have begun to implement measures such as imposing incremental fees on landfill disposal and providing rate subsidies for energy generated at energy-from-waste projects.

 

In response to these directives and in furtherance of its policies to reduce GHG, the United Kingdom now imposes substantial taxes on landfilling of waste: currently £24/ton, increasing annually to £48/ton in 2010. In addition, each local waste authority in the United Kingdom is limited in the amount of biodegradable waste it may landfill each year by the Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme (known as “LATS”). LATS is structured as a cap-and-trade program which reduces the capped amount of this waste that can be landfilled each year, through

2016 when capped amounts will be fixed at 35% of 1995 levels. LATS allowances are tradable with other waste authorities, and substantial penalties of £150/ton are levied against authorities not in compliance.

 

Similarly, China currently has a favorable regulatory environment for the development of energy-from-waste projects. The National Plan issued by the Ministry of Construction sets guidelines for an increase in energy-from-waste capacity from 1.65% (2005 estimate) to 30% by 2030. The Chinese central government has further called for an increase in energy-from-waste output generation from 200 MW (2005 estimate) to 500 MW by 2010, and to three gigawatts by 2020. Energy-from-waste is designated by the Chinese central government as an “encouraged industry”, and accordingly, China has various promotional laws and policies in place to promote energy-from-waste projects including exemptions and reductions of corporate income tax, value added tax refunds, prioritized commercial bank loans, state subsidies for loan interest, and a guaranteed subsidized price for the sale of electricity.

 

As of December 31, 2007, we employed approximately 3,500 full-time employees worldwide, of which a majority are employed in the United States.

 

Of our employees in the United States, approximately 10% are represented by organized labor. Currently, we are party to seven collective bargaining agreements: three expired in 2007 and are pending extensions; one expires in 2008, two expire in 2009, and one expires in 2010.

 

We consider relations with our employees to be good and do not anticipate any significant labor disputes in 2008.

 

A list of our executive officers and their business experience follows. Ages shown are as of February 22, 2008.

 

Anthony J. Orlando was named President and Chief Executive Officer in October 2004. Mr. Orlando was elected as one of our directors in September 2005 and is a member of the Public Policy Committee and the Finance Committee. Previously, he had been President and Chief Executive Officer of Covanta Energy since November 2003. From March 2003 to November 2003, he served as Senior Vice President, Business and Financial Management of Covanta Energy. From January 2001 until March 2003, Mr. Orlando served as Covanta Energy’s Senior Vice President, Waste-to-Energy. Previously, he served as Executive Vice President of Covanta Energy Group, Inc. Mr. Orlando joined Covanta Energy in 1987. Age: 48.

 

Mark A. Pytosh was appointed as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in December 2007. Mr. Pytosh served as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since September 2006. Previously, Mr. Pytosh served as Executive Vice President from February 2004 to August 2006 and Chief Financial Officer from May 2005 to August 2006 of Waste Services, Inc., a publicly-traded integrated waste services company. Prior to his tenure with Waste Services Inc., Mr. Pytosh served as a Managing Director in Investment Banking at Lehman Brothers where he led the firm’s Global Industrial Group, from November 2000 to February 2004. Before joining Lehman Brothers in 2000, Mr. Pytosh had 15 years of investment banking experience at Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette and Kidder, Peabody. Age: 43.

 

John M. Klett was appointed as our Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer in December 2007. Mr. Klett served as Senior Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Covanta Energy since May 2006 and as Covanta Energy’s Senior Vice President, Operations since March 2003. Prior thereto, he served as Executive Vice President of Covanta Waste to Energy, Inc. for more than five years. Mr. Klett joined Covanta Energy in 1986. Mr. Klett has been in the energy-from-waste business since 1977. He has been in the power business since 1965. Age: 61.

 

Seth Myones was appointed as Covanta Energy’s President, Americas, in November 2007, which is comprised principally of Covanta Energy’s domestic business. Mr. Myones served as Covanta Energy’s Senior Vice President, Business Management, since January 2004. From September 2001 until January 2004, Mr. Myones served as Vice

President, Waste-to-Energy Business Management for Covanta Projects, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Covanta Energy. Mr. Myones joined Covanta Energy in 1989. Age: 49.

 

Timothy J. Simpson was appointed as Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary in December 2007. Mr. Simpson served as Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary since October 2004. Previously, he served as Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of Covanta Energy since March 2004. From June 2001 to March 2004, Mr. Simpson served as Vice President, Associate General Counsel and Assistant Secretary of Covanta Energy. Previously, he served as Senior Vice President, Associate General Counsel and Assistant Secretary of Covanta Energy Group, Inc. Mr. Simpson joined Covanta Energy in 1992. Age: 49.

 

Thomas E. Bucks has served as Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer since April 2005. Mr. Bucks served as Controller from February 2005 to April 2005. Previously, Mr. Bucks served as Senior Vice President — Controller of Centennial Communications Corp., a leading provider of regional wireless and integrated communications services in the United States and the Caribbean, from March 1995 through February 2005, where he was the principal accounting officer and was responsible for accounting operations and external financial reporting. Age: 51.

 

 

The following risk factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

We cannot be certain that our NOLs will continue to be available to offset tax liability.

 

Our NOLs will expire in various amounts, if not used, between 2009 and 2026. The Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) has not audited any of our tax returns for any of the years during the carryforward period including those returns for the years in which the losses giving rise to the NOLs were reported. We cannot assure you that we would prevail if the IRS were to challenge the availability of the NOLs. If the IRS were successful in challenging our NOLs, all or some portion of the NOLs would not be available to offset our future consolidated taxable income.

 

As of December 31, 2007, we estimated that we had approximately $275 million of NOLs. In order to utilize the NOLs, we must generate consolidated taxable income which can offset such carryforwards. The NOLs are also used to offset income from certain grantor trusts that were established as part of the reorganization in 1990 of certain of our subsidiaries engaged in the insurance business and are administered by state regulatory agencies. During or at the conclusion of the administration of these grantor trusts, taxable income could result, which could utilize a portion of our NOLs and, in turn, could accelerate the date on which we may be otherwise obligated to pay incremental cash taxes.

 

In addition, if our existing insurance business were to require capital infusions from us in order to meet certain regulatory capital requirements, and we were to fail to provide such capital, some or all of our subsidiaries comprising our insurance business could enter insurance insolvency or bankruptcy proceedings. In such event, such subsidiaries may no longer be included in our consolidated tax return, and a portion, which could constitute a significant portion, of our remaining NOLs may no longer be available to us. In such event, there may be a significant inclusion of taxable income in our federal consolidated income tax return.

 

Changes in public policies and legislative initiatives could materially affect our business and prospects.

 

There has been substantial debate recently in the United States and abroad in the context of environmental and energy policies affecting climate change, the outcome of which could have a positive or negative influence on our existing business and our prospects for growing our business. The United States Congress has recently considered the enactment of new laws that would encourage electricity generation from renewable technologies and discourage such generation from fossil fuels. For example, during 2007 Congress considered proposed legislation which would have established new “renewable portfolio standards” which are designed to increase the proportion of the nation’s electricity that is generated from renewable technologies. Congress also considered extending existing tax benefits to renewable energy technologies, which will expire without such an extension. Both of these policy initiatives, and potentially others that may be considered, could provide material financial and competitive benefits to those

technologies which are included among those defined as renewable in any legislation that is enacted. Our business could be adversely affected if renewable technologies we use were not included among those technologies identified in any final law as being entitled to the benefits of such laws.

 

Changes in technology may have a material adverse effect on our profitability.

 

Research and development activities are ongoing to provide alternative and more efficient technologies to dispose of waste, produce by-products from waste, or to produce power. We and many other companies are pursuing these technologies, and an increasing amount of capital is being invested to find new approaches to waste disposal, waste treatment, and power generation. It is possible that this deployment of capital may lead to advances in these or other technologies which will reduce the cost of waste disposal or power production to a level below our costs and/or provide new or alternative methods of waste disposal or energy generation that become more accepted than those we currently utilize. Unless we are able to participate in these advances, any of these changes could have a material adverse effect on our revenues, profitability and the value of our existing facilities.

 

Operation of our facilities involves significant risks.

 

The operation of our facilities involves many risks, including:

 

 

We cannot predict the impact of these risks on our business or operations. These risks, if they were to occur, could prevent us from meeting our obligations under our operating contracts and have an adverse affect on our results of operations.

 

Development and construction of new projects and expansions may not commence as anticipated, or at all.

 

The development and construction of new waste and energy facilities involves many risks including:

 

 

In addition, new facilities have no operating history and may employ recently developed technology and equipment. Our businesses maintain insurance to protect against risks relating to the construction of new projects; however, such insurance may not be adequate to cover lost revenues or increased expenses. As a result, a new facility may be unable to fund principal and interest payments under its debt service obligations or may operate at a loss. In certain situations, if a facility fails to achieve commercial operation, at certain levels or at all, termination rights in the agreements governing the facility’s financing may be triggered, rendering all of the facility’s debt immediately due and payable. As a result, the facility may be rendered insolvent and we may lose our interest in the facility.

 

Construction activities may cost more and take longer than we estimate.

 

The design and construction of new projects or expansions requires us to contract for services from engineering and construction firms, and make substantial purchases of equipment such as boilers, turbine generators and other components that require large quantities of steel to fabricate. In part because of the high world-wide demand for new energy generating facilities and waste disposal facilities, steel prices have risen sharply and may continue to do so. In addition, this increased demand affects not only the cost of obtaining the services necessary to design and construct these facilities, but also the availability of quality firms to perform the services. These conditions may adversely affect our ability to successfully compete for new projects, or construct and complete such projects on time and within budget.

 

The rapid growth of our operations could strain our resources and cause our business to suffer.

 

We have experienced rapid growth and intend to further grow our business. This growth has placed, and potential future growth will continue to place, a strain on our management systems, infrastructure and resources. Our ability to successfully offer services and implement our business plan in a rapidly evolving market requires an effective planning and management process. We expect that we will need to continually evaluate and maintain our financial and managerial controls, reporting systems and procedures. We will also need to expand, train and manage our workforce worldwide. Furthermore, we expect that we will be required to manage an increasing number of relationships with various customers and other third parties. Failure to expand in any of the foregoing areas efficiently and effectively could interfere with the growth and current operation of our business as a whole.

 

Our efforts to grow our business will require us to incur significant costs in business development, often over extended periods of time, with no guarantee of success.

 

Our efforts to grow our waste and energy business will depend in part on how successful we are in developing new projects and expanding existing projects. The development period for each project may occur over several years, during which we incur substantial expenses relating to siting, design, permitting, community relations, financing and professional fees associated with all of the foregoing. Not all of our development efforts will be successful, and we may decide to cease developing a project for a variety of reasons. If the cessation of our development efforts were to occur at an advanced stage of development, we may have incurred a material amount of expenses for which we will realize no return.

 

A failure to identify suitable acquisition candidates and to complete acquisitions could have an adverse effect on our business strategy and growth plans.

 

As part of our business strategy, we intend to continue to pursue acquisitions of complementary businesses. Although we regularly evaluate acquisition opportunities, we may not be able to successfully identify suitable acquisition candidates, obtain sufficient financing on acceptable terms to fund acquisitions or complete acquisitions.

Our insurance and contractual protections may not always cover lost revenues, increased expenses or liquidated damages payments.

 

Although our businesses maintain insurance, obtain warranties from vendors, require contractors to meet certain performance levels and, in some cases, pass risks we cannot control to the service recipient or output purchaser, the proceeds of such insurance, warranties, performance guarantees or risk sharing arrangements may not be adequate to cover lost revenues, increased expenses or liquidated damages payments.

 

Performance reductions could materially and adversely affect us and our projects may operate at lower levels than expected.

 

Most service agreements for our energy-from-waste facilities provide for limitations on damages and cross-indemnities among the parties for damages that such parties may incur in connection with their performance under the service agreement. In most cases, such contractual provisions excuse our businesses from performance obligations to the extent affected by uncontrollable circumstances and provide for service fee adjustments if uncontrollable circumstances increase our costs. We cannot assure you that these provisions will prevent our businesses from incurring losses upon the occurrence of uncontrollable circumstances or that if our businesses were to incur such losses they would continue to be able to service their debt.

 

We have issued or are party to performance guarantees and related contractual obligations associated with our energy and waste facilities. With respect to our domestic and international businesses, we have issued guarantees to our municipal clients and other parties that we will perform in accordance with contractual terms, including, where required, the payment of damages or other obligations. The obligations guaranteed will depend upon the contract involved. Many of our subsidiaries have contracts to operate and maintain energy-from-waste facilities. In these contracts, the subsidiary typically commits to operate and maintain the facility in compliance with legal requirements; to accept minimum amounts of solid waste; to generate a minimum amount of electricity per ton of waste; and to pay damages to contract counterparties under specified circumstances, including those where the operating subsidiary’s contract has been terminated for default. Any contractual damages or other obligations incurred by us could be material, and in circumstances where one or more subsidiary’s contract has been terminated for its default, such damages could include amounts sufficient to repay project debt. Additionally, damages payable under such guarantees on our owned energy-from-waste facilities could expose us to recourse liability on project debt. Certain of our operating subsidiaries which have issued these guarantees may not have sufficient sources of cash to pay such damages or other obligations. We cannot assure you that we will be able to continue to avoid incurring material payment obligations under such guarantees or that, if we did incur such obligations, that we would have the cash resources to pay them.

 

Our businesses generate their revenue primarily under long-term contracts and must avoid defaults under those contracts in order to service their debt and avoid material liability to contract counterparties.

 

We must satisfy performance and other obligations under contracts governing energy-from-waste facilities. These contracts typically require us to meet certain performance criteria relating to amounts of waste processed, energy generation rates per ton of waste processed, residue quantity and environmental standards. Our failure to satisfy these criteria may subject us to termination of operating contracts. If such a termination were to occur, we would lose the cash flow related to the projects and incur material termination damage liability, which may be guaranteed by us. In circumstances where the contract has been terminated due to our default, we may not have sufficient sources of cash to pay such damages. We cannot assure you that we will be able to continue to perform our respective obligations under such contracts in order to avoid such contract terminations, or damages related to any such contract termination, or that if we could not avoid such terminations that we would have the cash resources to pay amounts that may then become due.

 

We have provided guarantees and financial support in connection with our projects.

 

We are obligated to guarantee or provide financial support for our projects in one or more of the following forms:

 

 

Many of these contingent obligations cannot readily be quantified, but, if we were required to provide this support, it may be material to our cash flow and financial condition.

 

We may face increased risk of market influences on our revenues after our contracts expire.

 

Our contracts to operate energy-from-waste projects expire on various dates between 2008 and 2034, and our contracts to sell energy output generally expire when the project’s operating contract expires. Expiration of these contracts will subject us to greater market risk in entering into new or replacement contracts at pricing levels which will generate comparable or enhanced revenues. As our operating contracts at municipally-owned projects approach expiration, we will seek to enter into renewal or replacement contracts to continue operating such projects. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to enter into renewal or replacement contracts on favorable terms, or at all. We will seek to bid competitively for additional contracts to operate other facilities as similar contracts of other vendors expire. The expiration of existing energy sales contracts, if not renewed, will require us to sell project energy output either into the electricity grid or pursuant to new contracts.

 

At some of our facilities, market conditions may allow us to effect extensions of existing operating contracts along with facility expansions. Such extensions and expansions are currently being considered at a limited number of our facilities in conjunction with our clients. If we are unable to reach agreement with our municipal clients on the terms under which they would implement such extensions and expansions, or if the implementation of these extensions, including renewals and replacement contracts, and expansions are materially delayed, this may adversely affect our cash flow and profitability. We cannot assure you that we will be able to enter into such contracts or that the terms available in the market at the time will be favorable to us.

 

Our businesses depend on performance by third parties under contractual arrangements.

 

Our waste and energy businesses depend on a limited number of third parties to, among other things, purchase the electric and steam energy produced by our facilities, and supply and deliver the waste and other goods and services necessary for the operation of our energy facilities. The viability of our facilities depends significantly upon the performance by third parties in accordance with long-term contracts, and such performance depends on factors which may be beyond our control. If those third parties do not perform their obligations, or are excused from performing their obligations because of nonperformance by our waste and energy businesses or other parties to the contracts, or due to force majeure events or changes in laws or regulations, our businesses may not be able to secure alternate arrangements on substantially the same terms, if at all, for the services provided under the contracts. In addition, the bankruptcy or insolvency of a participant or third party in our facilities could result in nonpayment or nonperformance of that party’s obligations to us.

 

Concentration of suppliers and customers may expose us to heightened financial exposure.

 

Our waste and energy services businesses often rely on single suppliers and single customers at our facilities, exposing such facilities to financial risks if any supplier or customer should fail to perform its obligations.

 

For example, our businesses often rely on a single supplier to provide waste, fuel, water and other services required to operate a facility and on a single customer or a few customers to purchase all or a significant portion of a facility’s output. In most cases our businesses have long-term agreements with such suppliers and customers in order to mitigate the risk of supply interruption. The financial performance of these facilities depends on such customers and suppliers continuing to perform their obligations under their long-term agreements. A facility’s financial results could be materially and adversely affected if any one customer or supplier fails to fulfill its contractual obligations and we are unable to find other customers or suppliers to produce the same level of

profitability. We cannot assure you that such performance failures by third parties will not occur, or that if they do occur, such failures will not adversely affect the cash flows or profitability of our businesses.

 

In addition, we rely on the municipal clients as a source not only of waste for fuel but also of revenue from the fees for disposal services we provide. Because our contracts with municipal clients are generally long-term, we may be adversely affected if the credit quality of one or more of our municipal clients were to decline materially.

 

Our business is subject to pricing fluctuations caused by the waste disposal and energy markets.

 

While we sell the majority of our waste disposal capacity and energy output pursuant to long-term contracts, a material portion of this capacity and output is subject to market price fluctuation. Consequently, our operating results may be adversely affected by fluctuations in waste disposal and energy prices.

 

Our waste operations are concentrated in one region, and expose us to regional economic or market declines.

 

The majority of our waste disposal facilities are located in the northeastern United States, primarily along the Washington, D.C. to Boston, Massachusetts corridor. Adverse economic developments in this region could affect regional waste generation rates and demand for waste disposal services provided by us. Adverse market developments caused by additional waste disposal capacity in this region could adversely affect waste disposal pricing. Either of these developments could have a material adverse effect on our revenues and cash generation.

 

Some of our energy contracts involve greater risk of exposure to performance levels which could result in materially lower revenues.

 

Some of our energy-from-waste facilities receive 100% of the energy revenues they generate. As a result, if we are unable to operate these facilities at their historical performance levels for any reason, our revenues from energy sales could materially decrease.

 

Exposure to international economic and political factors may materially and adversely affect our international businesses.

 

Our international operations expose us to political, legal, tax, currency, inflation, convertibility and repatriation risks, as well as potential constraints on the development and operation of potential business, any of which can limit the benefits to us of an international project.

 

Our projected cash distributions from most of our existing international facilities come from facilities located in countries with sovereign ratings below investment grade. The financing, development and operation of projects outside the United States can entail significant political and financial risks, which vary by country, including:

 

 

The legal and financial environment in foreign countries in which we currently own assets or projects could also make it more difficult for us to enforce our rights under agreements relating to such projects.

Any or all of the risks identified above with respect to our international projects could adversely affect our revenue and cash generation. As a result, these risks may have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial condition and results of operations.

 

Our reputation could be adversely affected if opposition to our efforts to grow our business results in adverse publicity or our businesses were to fail to comply with United States or foreign laws or regulations.

 

With respect to our efforts to renew our contracts and grow our waste and energy business both domestically and internationally, we sometimes experience opposition from advocacy groups or others intended to halt a development effort or other opportunity we may be pursuing. Such opposition is often intended to discourage third parties from doing business with us and may be based on inaccurate, incomplete or inflammatory assertions. We cannot provide any assurance that our reputation would not be adversely affected as a result of adverse publicity resulting from such opposition. Some of our projects and new business may be conducted in countries where corruption has historically penetrated the economy to a greater extent than in the United States. It is our policy to comply, and to require our local partners and those with whom we do business to comply, with all applicable anti-bribery laws, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and with applicable local laws of the foreign countries in which we operate. We cannot provide any assurance that our reputation would not be adversely affected if we were reported to be associated with corrupt practices or if we or our local partners failed to comply with such laws.

 

Exposure to foreign currency fluctuations may affect our results from operations.

 

We have sought to participate in projects where the host country has allowed the convertibility of its currency into U.S. dollars and repatriation of earnings, capital and profits subject to compliance with local regulatory requirements. As we grow our business in other countries and enter new international markets, currency volatility may impact the amount we are required to invest in new projects, as well our reported results.

 

In some cases, components of project costs incurred or funded in the currency of the United States are recovered with limited exposure to currency fluctuations through negotiated contractual adjustments to the price charged for electricity or service provided. This contractual structure may cause the cost in local currency to the project’s power purchaser or service recipient to rise from time to time in excess of local inflation. As a result, there is a risk in such situations that such power purchaser or service recipient will, at least in the near term, be less able or willing to pay for the project’s power or service.

 

Exposure to fuel supply prices may affect our costs and results of operations for our international projects.

 

Changes in the market prices and availability of fuel supplies to generate electricity may increase our cost of producing power, which could adversely impact our energy businesses’ profitability and financial performance.

 

The market prices and availability of fuel supplies for some of our international facilities fluctuate. Any price increase, delivery disruption or reduction in the availability of such supplies could affect our ability to operate the facilities and impair their cash flow and profitability. We may be subject to further exposure if any of our future international operations are concentrated in facilities using fuel types subject to fluctuating market prices and availability. We may not be successful in our efforts to mitigate our exposure to supply and price swings.

 

Our inability to obtain resources for operations may adversely affect our ability to effectively compete.

 

Our energy-from-waste facilities depend on solid waste for fuel, which provides a source of revenue. For most of our facilities, the prices we charge for disposal of solid waste are fixed under long-term contracts and the supply is guaranteed by sponsoring municipalities. However, for some of our energy-from-waste facilities, the availability of solid waste to us, as well as the tipping fee that we must charge to attract solid waste to our facilities, depends upon competition from a number of sources such as other energy-from-waste facilities, landfills and transfer stations competing for waste in the market area. In addition, we may need to obtain waste on a competitive basis as our long-term contracts expire at our owned facilities. There has been consolidation and there may be further consolidation in the solid waste industry which would reduce the number of solid waste collectors or haulers that are

competing for disposal facilities or enable such collectors or haulers to use wholesale purchasing to negotiate favorable below-market disposal rates. The consolidation in the solid waste industry has resulted in companies with vertically integrated collection activities and disposal facilities. Such consolidation may result in economies of scale for those companies as well as the use of disposal capacity at facilities owned by such companies or by affiliated companies. Such activities can affect both the availability of waste to us for disposal at some of our energy-from-waste facilities and market pricing.

 

Compliance with environmental laws could adversely affect our results of operations.

 

Costs of compliance with federal, state, local and foreign existing and future environmental regulations could adversely affect our cash flow and profitability. Our waste and energy businesses are subject to extensive environmental regulation by federal, state and local authorities, primarily relating to air, waste (including residual ash from combustion) and water. We are required to comply with numerous environmental laws and regulations and to obtain numerous governmental permits in operating our facilities. Our businesses may incur significant additional costs to comply with these requirements. Environmental regulations may also limit our ability to operate our facilities at maximum capacity or at all. If our businesses fail to comply with these requirements, we could be subject to civil or criminal liability, damages and fines. Existing environmental regulations could be revised or reinterpreted and new laws and regulations could be adopted or become applicable to us or our facilities, and future changes in environmental laws and regulations could occur. This may materially increase the amount we must invest to bring our facilities into compliance, or impose additional expense on our operations, or otherwise impose structural changes to markets which would adversely affect our competitive positioning in those markets.

 

In addition, lawsuits or enforcement actions by federal, state and/or foreign regulatory agencies may materially increase our costs. Stricter environmental regulation of air emissions, solid waste handling or combustion, residual ash handling and disposal, and waste water discharge could materially affect our cash flow and profitability. Certain environmental laws make us potentially liable on a joint and several basis for the remediation of contamination at or emanating from properties or facilities we currently or formerly owned or operated or properties to which we arranged for the disposal of hazardous substances. Such liability is not limited to the cleanup of contamination we actually caused. Although we seek to obtain indemnities against liabilities relating to historical contamination at the facilities we own or operate, we cannot provide any assurance that we will not incur liability relating to the remediation of contamination, including contamination we did not cause.

 

Our businesses may not be able to obtain or maintain, from time to time, all required environmental regulatory approvals. If there is a delay in obtaining any required environmental regulatory approvals or if we fail to obtain and comply with them, the operation of our facilities could be jeopardized or become subject to additional costs.

 

Energy regulation could adversely affect our revenues and costs of operations.

 

Our waste and energy businesses are subject to extensive energy regulations by federal, state and foreign authorities. We cannot predict whether the federal, state or foreign governments will modify or adopt new legislation or regulations relating to the solid waste or energy industries. The economics, including the costs, of operating our facilities may be adversely affected by any changes in these regulations or in their interpretation or implementation or any future inability to comply with existing or future regulations or requirements.

 

The Federal Power Act (“FPA”) regulates energy generating companies and their subsidiaries and places constraints on the conduct of their business. The FPA regulates wholesale sales of electricity and the transmission of electricity in interstate commerce by public utilities. Under PURPA, our domestic facilities are exempt from most provisions of the FPA and state rate regulation. Our foreign projects are also exempt from regulation under the FPA.

 

The Energy Policy Act of 2005 enacted comprehensive changes to the domestic energy industry which may affect our businesses. The Energy Policy Act removed certain regulatory constraints that previously limited the ability of utilities and utility holding companies to invest in certain activities and businesses, which may have the effect over time of increasing competition in energy markets in which we participate. In addition, the Energy Policy Act includes provisions that may remove some of the benefits provided to non-utility electricity generators, like us, after our existing energy sale contracts expire. As a result, we may face increased competition after such expirations occur.

If our businesses lose existing exemptions under the FPA, the economics and operations of our energy projects could be adversely affected, including as a result of rate regulation by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, with respect to our output of electricity, which could result in lower prices for sales of electricity. In addition, depending on the terms of the project’s power purchase agreement, a loss of our exemptions could allow the power purchaser to cease taking and paying for electricity under existing contracts. Such results could cause the loss of some or all contract revenues or otherwise impair the value of a project and could trigger defaults under provisions of the applicable project contracts and financing agreements. Defaults under such financing agreements could render the underlying debt immediately due and payable. Under such circumstances, we cannot assure you that revenues received, the costs incurred, or both, in connection with the project could be recovered through sales to other purchasers.

 

Failure to obtain regulatory approvals could adversely affect our operations.

 

Our waste and energy businesses are continually in the process of obtaining or renewing federal, state, local and foreign approvals required to operate our facilities. While our businesses currently have all necessary operating approvals, we may not always be able to obtain all required regulatory approvals, and we may not be able to obtain any necessary modifications to existing regulatory approvals or maintain all required regulatory approvals. If there is a delay in obtaining any required regulatory approvals or if we fail to obtain and comply with any required regulatory approvals, the operation of our facilities or the sale of electricity to third parties could be prevented, made subject to additional regulation or subject our businesses to additional costs or a decrease in revenue.

 

The energy industry is becoming increasingly competitive, and we might not successfully respond to these changes.

 

We may not be able to respond in a timely or effective manner to the changes resulting in increased competition in the energy industry in both domestic and international markets. These changes may include deregulation of the electric utility industry in some markets, privatization of the electric utility industry in other markets and increasing competition in all markets. To the extent competitive pressures increase and the pricing and sale of electricity assumes more characteristics of a commodity business, the economics of our business may be subject to greater volatility.

 

Our substantial indebtedness could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to meet our payment obligations under our indebtedness.

 

The level of our consolidated indebtedness could have significant consequences on our future operations, including:

 

 

Any of the above-listed factors could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to meet our payment obligations under our consolidated debt, and the price of our common stock.

We cannot assure you that our cash flow from operations will be sufficient to service our indebtedness.

 

Our ability to meet our obligations under our indebtedness depends on our ability to generate cash and our ability to receive dividends and distributions from our subsidiaries in the future. This, in turn, is subject to many factors, some of which are beyond our control, including the following:

 

 

We cannot assure you that our business will generate cash flow from operations, or that future borrowings will be available to us under our credit facilities or otherwise, in an amount sufficient to enable us to meet our payment obligations under our outstanding indebtedness and to fund other liquidity needs. If we are not able to generate sufficient cash flow to service our debt obligations, we may need to refinance or restructure our debt, sell assets, reduce or delay capital investments, or seek to raise additional capital. If we are unable to implement one or more of these alternatives, we may not be able to meet our payment obligations under our outstanding indebtedness, and which could have a material and adverse affect on our financial condition.

 

Our debt agreements contain covenant restrictions that may limit our ability to operate our business.

 

Our credit facilities contain operating and financial restrictions and covenants that impose operating and financial restrictions on us and require us to meet certain financial tests. Complying with these covenant restrictions may have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition by limiting our ability to engage in certain transactions or activities, including:

 

 

Our ability to comply with these covenants is dependent on our future performance, which will be subject to many factors, some of which are beyond our control, including prevailing economic conditions. As a result of these covenants, our ability to respond to changes in business and economic conditions and to obtain additional financing, if needed, may be restricted, and we may be prevented from engaging in transactions that might otherwise be beneficial to us, or in declaring and paying dividends to our stockholders. In addition, the failure to comply with these covenants in our credit facilities could result in a default thereunder and a default under the Debentures. Upon the occurrence of such an event of default, the lenders under our credit facilities could elect to declare all amounts outstanding under such agreement, together with accrued interest, to be immediately due and payable. If the lenders accelerate the payment of the indebtedness under our credit facilities, we cannot assure you that the assets securing such indebtedness would be sufficient to repay in full that indebtedness and our other indebtedness, including the Debentures, and which could have a material and adverse affect on our financial condition.

 

Our controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.

 

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, believes that any disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must consider the benefits of controls relative to their costs. Inherent limitations within a

control system include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by an unauthorized override of the controls. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and we cannot assure you that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in a cost effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and may not be prevented or detected.

 

Failure to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting may have an adverse effect on our stock price.

 

Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and the rules and regulations promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) to implement Section 404, we are required to furnish a report by our management to include in our annual report on Form 10-K regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. The report includes, among other things, an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of the end of our fiscal year, including a statement as to whether or not our internal control over financial reporting is effective. This assessment must include disclosure of any material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting identified by management.

 

We have in the past discovered, and may potentially in the future discover, areas of internal control over financial reporting which may require improvement. If we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective now or in any future period, or if our auditors are unable to express an opinion on the effectiveness of our internal controls, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which could have an adverse effect on our stock price.

 

Provisions of our certificate of incorporation and Debentures could discourage an acquisition by a third party.

 

Provisions of our restated certificate of incorporation could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of us. For example, our restated certificate of incorporation authorizes our Board of Directors to issue preferred stock without requiring any stockholder approval, and preferred stock could be issued as a defensive measure in response to a takeover proposal. These provisions could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us even if an acquisition might be in the best interest of our stockholders. In addition, certain provisions of the Debentures could make it more difficult or more expensive for a third party to acquire us. Upon the occurrence of certain transactions constituting a fundamental change, the holders of the Debentures will have the right to require us to repurchase their Debentures. We may also be required to issue additional shares upon conversion or provide for conversion based on the acquirer’s capital stock in the event of certain fundamental changes. These possibilities could discourage an acquisition of us.

 

The market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly, and this may make it difficult for holders to resell our common stock when they want or at prices that they find attractive.

 

The price of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange constantly changes. We expect that the market price of our common stock will continue to fluctuate. In addition, because the Debentures are convertible into our common stock, volatility or depressed prices for our common stock could have a similar effect on the trading price of the Debentures. Consequently, there can be no assurance as to the liquidity of an investment in our common stock.

 

The market price of our common stock may fluctuate as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. These factors include:

 

In addition, in recent years, the stock market in general has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. This volatility has had a significant effect on the market price of securities issued by many companies for reasons often unrelated to their operating performance. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating results.

 

Future issuances of our common stock will dilute the ownership interests of stockholders and may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.

 

We are not restricted from issuing additional shares of our common stock, or securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock. Future sales of substantial amounts of our common stock or equity-related securities in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could materially and adversely affect prevailing trading prices of our common stock. In addition, the conversion of some or all of the Debentures will dilute the ownership interests of our existing stockholders. Any sales in the public market of our common stock issuable upon such conversion could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock. In addition, the existence of the Debentures may encourage short selling by market participants because the conversion of the Debentures could depress the trading price of our common stock.

 

Concentrated stock ownership may discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals.

 

As of February 14, 2008, SZ Investments, L.L.C., together with its affiliate, EGI-Fund (05-07) Investors, L.L.C., referred to as “Fund 05-07” and, collectively with SZ Investments, L.L.C. “SZ Investments,” and Third Avenue Trust, on behalf of Third Avenue Value Fund, referred to as “Third Avenue,” separately own approximately 15.1% and 5.7%, respectively, or when aggregated, approximately 20.8% of our outstanding common stock. Although there are no agreements among SZ Investments and Third Avenue regarding their voting or disposition of shares of our common stock, the level of their combined ownership of shares of our common stock could have the effect of discouraging or impeding an unsolicited acquisition proposal. Further, as a result, these stockholders may continue to have the ability to influence the election or removal of our directors and influence the outcome of matters presented for approval by our stockholders. Circumstances may occur in which the interests of these stockholders could be in conflict with the holders of the Debentures.

 

 

None.

 

 

We own 5.4 acres in Fairfield, New Jersey where our corporate offices reside. In addition, we lease various office facilities in California aggregating approximately 25,539 square feet and we own undeveloped land in Massachusetts and California aggregating approximately 95 acres. As of December 31, 2007, we owned or operated 60 domestic projects consisting of 34 energy-from-waste operations, three landfills, ten transfer stations, six wood waste (biomass) energy projects, two water (hydroelectric) energy projects, and five landfill gas energy projects. Principal projects are described above under Item 1. Business — Domestic Business. Domestic projects noted which we own or lease are conducted at properties, which we also own or lease, aggregating approximately 921 acres, of which approximately 580 acres are owned and approximately 341 acres are leased.

We operate our international projects through a network of offices located in Shanghai and Guangzhou, China; Chennai, India; Manila, Philippines; Bangkok, Thailand; and Birmingham, England, where we lease office space aggregating approximately 23,370 square feet. As of December 31, 2007, we are the part owner/operator of ten international projects of which three are owned or controlled by subsidiaries with businesses conducted at leased properties aggregating approximately 65.8 acres. Principal projects are described above under Item 1. Business — International Business.

 

 

For information regarding legal proceedings, see Note 21. Commitments and Contingencies of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, which information is incorporated herein by reference.

 

 

No matters were submitted to a vote of stockholders, through the solicitation of proxies or otherwise, during the quarter ended December 31, 2007.

PART II

 

 

Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “CVA”. On February 14, 2008, there were approximately 1,033 holders of record of our common stock. On February 14, 2008, the closing price of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange was $26.49 per share. The following table sets forth the high and low stock prices of our common stock for the last two years.

 

 

We have not paid dividends on our common stock and do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain all earnings to fund operations and expansion of our business. Under current financing arrangements, there are restrictions on the ability of our subsidiaries to transfer funds to us in the form of cash dividends, loans or advances that would likely limit the future payment of dividends on our common stock. See Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — 2007 Recapitalization.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The terms “we,” “our,” “ours,” “us” and “Company” refer to Covanta Holding Corporation and its subsidiaries; the term “Covanta Energy” refers to our subsidiary Covanta Energy Corporation and its subsidiaries.

 

OVERVIEW

 

We are a leading developer, owner and operator of infrastructure for the conversion of waste to energy (known as “energy-from-waste”), as well as other waste disposal and renewable energy production businesses in the United States, Europe and Asia. We are organized as a holding company and conduct all of our operations through subsidiaries which are engaged predominantly in the businesses of waste and energy services. We also engage in the independent power production business outside the United States.

 

We own, have equity investments in, and/or operate 57 energy generation facilities, 47 of which are in the United States and 10 of which are located outside the United States. Our energy generation facilities use a variety of fuels, including municipal solid waste, wood waste (biomass), landfill gas, water (hydroelectric), natural gas, coal, and heavy fuel-oil. We also own or operate several businesses that are associated with our energy-from-waste business, including a waste procurement business, three landfills, and several waste transfer stations.

 

Our mission is to be the world’s leading energy-from-waste company, with a complementary network of renewable energy generation and waste disposal assets. We expect to build value for our stockholders by satisfying our clients’ waste disposal and energy generation needs with safe, reliable and environmentally superior solutions. In order to accomplish this mission and create additional value for our stockholders, we are focused on:

 

 

We believe that our business offers solutions to public sector leaders around the world in two related elements of critical infrastructure: waste disposal and renewable energy generation. We believe that the environmental benefits of energy-from-waste, as an alternative to landfilling, are clear and compelling: utilizing energy-from-waste reduces greenhouse gas emissions, lowers the risk of groundwater contamination, and conserves land. At the same time, energy-from-waste generates clean, reliable energy from a renewable fuel source, thus reducing dependence on fossil fuels, the combustion of which is itself a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. As public planners in the United States, Europe and Asia address their needs for more environmentally sensitive waste disposal and energy generation in the years ahead, we believe that energy-from-waste will be an increasingly attractive alternative.

 

We are actively engaged in the current discussion among policy makers in the United States regarding the benefits of energy-from-waste and the reduction of our dependence on landfilling for waste disposal and fossil fuels for energy. The extent to which we are successful in growing our business will depend in part on our ability to effectively communicate the benefits of energy-from-waste to public planners seeking waste disposal solutions, and to policy makers seeking to encourage renewable energy technologies as viable alternatives to reliance on fossil fuels as a source of energy.

 

Our business is capital intensive because it is based upon building and operating municipal solid waste processing and energy generating projects. In order to provide meaningful growth through development, we must be able to invest our funds, obtain equity and/or debt financing, and provide support to our operating subsidiaries. During the first quarter of 2007, we completed a comprehensive recapitalization utilizing a series of equity and debt financings. With this refinancing, we have greater flexibility to pursue strategic opportunities by investing in the

business, and making acquisitions. Additional information related to our recapitalization is described below under Liquidity and Capital Resources — 2007 Recapitalization and Note 6. Long-Term Debt of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (“Notes”).

 

We continue to focus on enhancing stockholder value by implementing our financial, operating and growth strategies. Revenues were $1,433 million, $1,269 million and $979 million and operating income was $237 million, $227 million and $146 million for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006, and 2005, respectively. The increase in revenues and operating income over the past three years is primarily attributable to the successful execution of our operating and growth strategies.

 

Acquisitions and Business Development

 

In our domestic business, we are pursuing additional growth opportunities through project expansions, new energy-from-waste and other renewable energy projects, contract extensions, acquisitions, and businesses ancillary to our existing business, such as additional waste transfer, transportation, processing and landfill businesses.

 

We are also pursuing international waste and/or renewable energy business opportunities, particularly in markets where the market demand, regulatory environment or other factors encourage technologies such as energy-from-waste in order to reduce dependence on landfilling for waste disposal and fossil fuels in order to reduce GHG production. In particular, we are focusing on the United Kingdom, Ireland and China, and are also pursuing opportunities in certain markets in Europe, such as Italy, and in Canada and other markets in the Americas.

 

During 2007, we continued to grow our business via acquisitions, investments, project expansions, contract extensions and new contracts as described below.

 

Domestic Business

 

 

International Business

 

 

Business Segments

 

Prior to January 1, 2007, we had two reportable business segments — Waste and Energy Services and Other Services. Given our increased focus on developing our international business, during the first quarter of 2007, we segregated what we previously had reported as our Waste and Energy Services segment into two new segments: Domestic and International. Our remaining operations, which we previously reported as our Other Services segment and was comprised of the holding company and insurance subsidiaries’ operations, did not meet the quantitative thresholds which required separate disclosure as a reportable segment. Therefore, our reportable segments are now Domestic and International, which are comprised of our domestic and international waste and energy services operations, respectively.

 

The financial results of the holding company primarily consist of interest expense and income. General and administrative expenses related to legal and other professional fees and insurance are reimbursed by the operating subsidiaries under an administrative services agreement.

 

Our predominant business is the waste and energy services business, however our historical consolidated operations were conducted in the insurance industry prior to the acquisition of Covanta Energy in March 2004. Our insurance business continues to represent an important element of our structure in that our net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) were primarily generated through the operations of these former subsidiaries. See Note 9. Income Taxes of the Notes for more information about our NOLs.

 

Domestic

 

For all energy-from-waste projects, we receive revenue from two primary sources: fees charged for operating projects or processing waste received and payments for electricity and steam sales. We also operate, and in some cases have ownership interests in, transfer stations and landfills which generate revenue from waste disposal fees or operating fees. In addition, we own and in some cases operate, other renewable energy projects in the United States which generate electricity from wood waste (biomass), landfill gas, and hydroelectric resources. The electricity from these projects is sold to utilities. For these projects, we receive revenue from electricity sales, and in some cases cash from equity distributions.

 

International

 

We also engage in the independent power production and energy-from-waste businesses outside the United States, through field offices where local management is focused on operating existing businesses and pursuing growth opportunities. Through subsidiaries, we have ownership interests in, and/or operate facilities in the Philippines, China, Bangladesh, India, Costa Rica, and Italy. The Costa Rica facilities generate electricity from hydroelectric resources while the other independent power production facilities generate electricity and steam by combusting coal, natural gas, or heavy fuel oil. In addition, two facilities in China and one facility in Italy generate electricity by processing waste received. For these projects, our international subsidiary receives revenue from operating fees, electricity and steam sales, and in some cases cash from equity distributions.

 

Contract Structures

 

We have 24 energy-from-waste projects where we charge a fixed fee (which escalates over time pursuant to contractual indices that we believe are appropriate to reflect price inflation) for operation and maintenance services. We refer to these projects as having a “Service Fee” structure. Our contracts at Service Fee projects provide revenue that does not materially vary based on the amount of waste processed or energy generated and as such is relatively stable for the contract term. In addition, at most of our Service Fee projects, the operating subsidiary retains only a fraction of the energy revenues generated, with the balance used to provide a credit to the municipal client against its disposal costs. Therefore, in these projects, the municipal client derives most of the benefit and risk of energy production and changing energy prices.

We also have 13 energy-from-waste projects where we receive a per-ton fee under contracts for processing waste. We refer to these projects as having a “Tip Fee” structure. At Tip Fee projects, we generally enter into long-term waste disposal contracts for a substantial portion of project disposal capacity and retain all of the energy revenue generated. These Tip Fee service agreements include stated fixed fees earned by us for processing waste up to certain base contractual amounts during specified periods. These Tip Fee service agreements also set forth the per-ton fees that are payable if we accept waste in excess of the base contractual amounts. The waste disposal and energy revenue from these projects is more dependent upon operating performance and, as such, is subject to greater revenue fluctuation to the extent performance levels fluctuate.

 

Under both structures, our returns are expected to be stable if we do not incur material unexpected operation and maintenance costs or other expenses. In addition, most of our energy-from-waste project contracts are structured so that contract counterparties generally bear, or share in, the costs associated with events or circumstances not within our control, such as uninsured force majeure events and changes in legal requirements. The stability of our revenues and returns could be affected by our ability to continue to enforce these obligations. Also, at some of our energy-from-waste facilities, commodity price risk is mitigated by passing through commodity costs to contract counterparties. With respect to our other domestic renewable energy projects and international independent power projects, such structural features generally do not exist because either we operate and maintain such facilities for our own account or we do so on a cost-plus basis rather than a fixed-fee basis.

 

At some of our domestic renewable energy and international independent power projects, our operating subsidiaries purchase fuel in the open markets which exposes us to fuel price risk. At other plants, fuel costs are contractually included in our electricity revenues, or fuel is provided by our customers. In some of our international projects, the project entity (which in some cases is not our subsidiary) has entered into long-term fuel purchase contracts that protect the project from changes in fuel prices, provided counterparties to such contracts perform their commitments.

 

Contract Duration

 

We operate energy-from-waste projects under long-term agreements. For those projects we own, our contract to sell the project’s energy output (either electricity or steam) generally expires at or after the date when the initial term of our contract to operate or receive waste also expires. Expiration of these contracts will subject us to greater market risk in maintaining and enhancing revenues as we enter into new contracts. Following the expiration of the initial contracts, we intend to enter into replacement or additional contracts for waste supplies and will sell our energy output either into the regional electricity grid or pursuant to new contracts. Because project debt on these facilities will be paid off at such time, we believe that we will be able to offer disposal services at rates that will attract sufficient quantities of waste and provide acceptable revenues. For those projects we operate but do not own, prior to the expiration of the initial term of our operating contract, we will seek to enter into renewal or replacement contracts to continue operating such projects. We will seek to bid competitively in the market for additional contracts to operate other facilities as similar contracts of other vendors expire.

 

Energy-from-Waste Project Ownership

 

In our domestic business, we operate many publicly-owned energy-from-waste facilities and own and operate many other energy-from-waste facilities. In addition, as a result of acquisitions of additional projects originally owned or operated by other vendors, we operate several projects under a lease structure where a third party lessor owns the project. Regardless of ownership structure, we provide the same service to our municipal clients and customers.

 

Under any of these ownership structures, the municipalities typically borrow funds to pay for the facility construction by issuing bonds. In a private ownership structure, the municipal entity loans the bond proceeds to the project subsidiary, the facility is recorded as an asset, and the project debt is recorded as a liability, on our consolidated balance sheet. In a public ownership structure, the municipality would fund the construction costs without loaning the bond proceeds to us.

 

At all projects where a Service Fee structure exists (regardless of ownership structure), our municipal clients are generally responsible contractually for paying the project debt after construction is complete. At the 11 publicly-owned Service Fee projects we operate, the municipality pays periodic debt service directly to a trustee under an

indenture. We own 13 projects where a Service Fee structure exists, and at these projects the municipal client pays debt service as a component of a monthly service fee payment to us.

 

Under these service agreements, we bill municipalities fees to service project debt (principal and interest). The amounts billed, and the amount of cash we receive from these municipalities, are based on the actual principal amortization schedule for the project bonds. However, we recognize revenue on a levelized basis over the term of the applicable service agreement. In the beginning of the service agreement, principal billed and cash received is less than the amount of levelized revenue recognized related to principal. At some point during the service agreement, the amount we bill will exceed the levelized revenue. In the final year(s) of a contract, cash is utilized from debt service reserve accounts to pay remaining principal amounts due to project bondholders and such amounts are no longer billed to or paid by municipalities. Generally, therefore, in the last year of the applicable service agreement, little or no cash is received from municipalities relating to project debt, while our levelized service revenue continues to be recognized until the expiration date of the term of the service agreement.

 

For all projects where a Tip Fee structure exists and neither debt service nor lease rent is expressly included in the fee paid to us. Accordingly, we do not record revenue reflecting principal on this project debt or on lease rent. In most cases, our operating subsidiaries for these projects make equal monthly deposits with their respective project trustees in amounts sufficient for the trustees to pay principal and interest, or lease rent, when due.

 

The term of our operating contracts with municipal clients generally coincides with the term of the bonds issued to pay for the project construction. In many cases, the municipality has contractual rights (not obligations) to extend the contract. If a contract is not extended on a publicly-owned project, our role, and our revenue, with respect to that project would cease. If a contract is not extended on a project that we own, we would be free to enter into new revenue generating contracts for waste supply (with the municipality, other municipalities, or private waste haulers) and for electricity or steam sales. We would, in such cases, have no remaining project debt to repay from project revenue, and would be entitled to retain 100% of energy sales revenue.

 

Seasonal Trends

 

Our quarterly operating income from domestic and international operations within the same fiscal year typically differs substantially due to seasonal factors, primarily as a result of the timing of scheduled plant maintenance. We typically conduct scheduled maintenance periodically each year, which requires that individual boiler units temporarily cease operations. During these scheduled maintenance periods, we incur material repair and maintenance expenses and receive less revenue, until the boiler units resume operations. This scheduled maintenance typically occurs during periods of off-peak electric demand in the spring and fall. The spring scheduled maintenance period is typically more extensive than scheduled maintenance conducted during the fall. As a result, we typically incur the highest maintenance expense in the first half of the year. Given these factors, we typically experience lower operating income from our projects during the first six months of each year and higher operating income during the second six months of each year.

 

Other Factors Affecting Performance

 

We have historically performed our operating obligations without experiencing material unexpected service interruptions or incurring material increases in costs. In addition, with respect to many of our contracts, we generally have limited our exposure for risks not within our control. With respect to projects acquired in acquisitions, we have assumed contracts where there is less contractual protection against such risks and more exposure to market influences. For additional information about such risks and damages that we may owe for unexcused operating performance failures, see Item 1A. Risk Factors. In monitoring and assessing the ongoing operating and financial performance of our businesses, we focus on certain key factors: tons of waste processed, electricity and steam sold, and boiler availability.

 

Our ability to meet or exceed historical levels of performance at projects, and our general financial performance, is affected by the following:

 

 

General financial performance at our international projects is also affected by the following:

 

As discussed above, during the first quarter of 2007, we segregated what we previously reported as our Waste and Energy Services segment into two new segments: Domestic and International. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified in the consolidated financial statements to conform to the current period presentation.

 

The comparability of the information provided below with respect to our revenues, expenses and certain other items for periods during each of the years presented was affected by several factors, in addition to the Covanta ARC Holdings, Inc. (“ARC Holdings”) acquisition in June 2005. Our Warren County, New Jersey energy-from-waste facility emerged from bankruptcy on December 15, 2005 and was included as a consolidated subsidiary since its emergence date. Our Huantai and Linan coal facilities, both of which were located in China, were sold in June 2006 and September 2007, respectively, and were not included as consolidated subsidiaries since their respective disposition dates. As outlined above under Acquisitions and Business Development, our acquisition and business development initiatives in 2007 resulted in various additional projects which increased comparative 2007 revenues and expenses. These factors must be taken into account in developing meaningful comparisons between the periods compared below.

 

Our consolidated results of operations are presented on a reported basis in the table below (in thousands of dollars, except per share amounts):

 

 

The following general discussions should be read in conjunction with the above table, the consolidated financial statements and the Notes thereto and other financial information appearing and referred to elsewhere in this report. Additional detail relating to changes in operating revenues and operating expenses, and the quantification of specific factors affecting or causing such changes, is provided in the Domestic and International segment discussions below.

 

Consolidated Results of Operations — Comparison of Reported Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2007 vs. Reported Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2006

 

Operating revenues increased by $164.6 million primarily due to the following:

 

 

Operating expenses increased by $154.7 million primarily due to the following:

 

 

Investment income decreased by $1.2 million primarily due to lower invested cash balances and lower interest rates on invested funds. Interest expense decreased by $42.4 million primarily due to lower loan balances and lower interest rates resulting from the 2007 recapitalization. As a result of the recapitalization in the first quarter of 2007, we recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt charge of approximately $32.1 million, pre-tax, which is comprised of the write-down of deferred financing costs, tender premiums paid for the intermediate subsidiary debt, and a call premium paid in connection with previously existing financing arrangements. These amounts were partially offset by the write-down of unamortized premiums relating to the intermediate subsidiary debt and a gain associated with the settlement of our interest rate swap agreements in February 2007. In May 2006, as a result of amendments to our financing arrangements that existed at that time, we recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $6.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. See Note 6. Long-Term Debt of the Notes for additional information.

 

Equity in net income from unconsolidated investments decreased by $6.4 million primarily due to the effects of the following factors relating to Quezon Power, Inc. (“Quezon”) in the Philippines:

 

 

See Note 8. Equity Method Investments of the Notes for additional information.

 

Income tax expense decreased by $7.4 million primarily due to a reduction of the valuation allowance by $35.0 million, as discussed in Note 9. Income Taxes of the Notes. This was partially offset by expiring NOL tax benefits of $6.0 million and taxes at the statutory rate on increased pre-tax income resulting primarily from lower interest expense. During 2006, we recorded a one-time tax benefit of $10 million associated with the adoption of the permanent reinvestment exception under Accounting Principles Board (“APB”) Opinion No. 23, “Accounting for Income Taxes — Special Areas” (“APB 23”) as discussed in Note 9. Income Taxes of the Notes.

Domestic Business Results of Operations — Comparison of Reported Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2007 vs. Reported Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2006

 

The domestic business results of operations are presented on a reported basis in the table below (in thousands of dollars):

 

 

Operating Revenues

 

Variances in revenues for the domestic segment are as follows (in millions of dollars):

 

 

 

Operating Expenses

 

Variances in plant operating expenses for the domestic segment are as follows (in millions of dollars):