UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

FORM 10-K

 

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016

OR

For the transition period from                      to                     

Commission file number: 001-35905

 

BioAmber Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

 

 

(514) 844-8000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities Registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 

 

Securities Registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

The aggregate market value of common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant based on the closing price of the registrant’s common stock as reported on the New York Stock Exchange on June 30, 2016, was $84.2 million. As of March 15, 2017, there were 34,849,577 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement relating to its 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K where indicated. Such Proxy Statement will be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates.

 

 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

 

 

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains “forward-looking statements” that involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions that, if they never materialize or prove incorrect, could cause our results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. The statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or Exchange Act. Such forward-looking statements include any expectation of earnings, revenue or other financial items; any statements of the plans, strategies and objectives of management for future operations; factors that may affect our operating results; statements related to adding employees; statements related to future capital expenditures; statements related to future economic conditions or performance; statements as to industry trends and other matters that do not relate strictly to historical facts or statements of assumptions underlying any of the foregoing. Forward-looking statements are often identified by the use of words such as, but not limited to, “anticipate,” “believe,” “can,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “will,” “plan,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would,” and similar expressions or variations intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements are based on the beliefs and assumptions of our management based on information currently available to management. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below, and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” included in Item 1A of Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and the risks discussed in our other Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, filings. Furthermore, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements. Forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K may include statements about:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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PART I

Item  1.Business

Overview

We are an industrial biotechnology company producing renewable chemicals. Our proprietary technology platform combines industrial biotechnology and chemical catalysis to convert bio-based feedstocks into renewable chemicals that are cost-competitive replacements for petroleum-derived chemicals used in a wide variety of everyday products including plastics, resins, paints, food additives and personal care products. We currently sell our first product, bio-succinic acid, to customers in a variety of chemical markets. We produce bio-succinic acid at our facility in Sarnia, Ontario, pursuant to a joint venture agreement with Mitsui.

Succinic acid can be used to manufacture a wide variety of products used every day, including plastics, food additives and personal care products, and can also be used as a building block for a number of derivative chemicals. We believe that our low-cost production capability and our development of bio-succinic derived products including BDO and THF, which are used to produce polyesters, plastics, spandex and other products, will provide us with access to what we estimate to be an approximately $8 billion market opportunity.

We are working to expand our accessible markets and product portfolio. We have entered into strategic relationships with several leading companies, such as our multi-year agreements with PTTMCC Biochem for bio-succinic acid and Vinmar for bio-succinic acid, BDO and THF. We have also entered into agreements with other companies for the supply of bio-succinic acid.

We have entered into technology partnerships to lower our production costs, expand our product portfolio and broaden our biochemical production platform. For example, we entered into a technology partnership with Cargill through which we exclusively license a proprietary yeast organism for use in our fermentation process to produce our products. We refer to the yeast organism that we have licensed from Cargill as “our yeast.” We have also established other technology licenses and collaborations, including with Davy for the conversion of our succinic acid into BDO and THF.

Our business strategy is to leverage the value of our technology by building and operating production facilities around the world.   Depending on our access to capital and third-party demand for our technology, we may also enter into technology licenses on an opportunistic basis.

We have entered into a joint venture agreement with Mitsui for our facility in Sarnia, Ontario, which has a nameplate capacity of 30,000 MT of bio-succinic acid per year. We started commercial scale production at our Sarnia facility in October 2015 and ramp-up to full production capacity is expected by 2018.

We are committed to managing our economic, social, environmental and ethical performance through sustainable business practices. We have completed a life cycle analysis for our facility in Sarnia, Ontario that indicates that no net carbon dioxide equivalent (greenhouse gases) is emitted per kilogram of our bio-succinic acid produced, making our process carbon neutral. This is significantly less carbon emission intensive than the current petrochemical process for making succinic acid, in which 7.1 kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent are emitted per kilogram of succinic acid produced. This represents a 100% reduction in greenhouse gases for our bio-succinic acid process, relative to the current petrochemical process for making succinic acid. The life cycle analysis also indicates that our facility in Sarnia consumes 64% less energy than the current petrochemical process.

We were incorporated in the State of Delaware in October 2008 as DNP Green Technology, Inc. and were established as the result of a spin-off of certain assets from Diversified Natural Products, Inc. In September 2010, we acquired the 50% interest in our joint venture Bioamber S.A.S. that we did not already own, after which, Bioamber S.A.S. became wholly owned by us. Concurrent with this acquisition, the Company changed its name from DNP Green Technology, Inc. to BioAmber Inc. and changed its fiscal year end from June 30 to December 31. Bioamber S.A.S. was wholly owned by the Company until its liquidation in December 2014.

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The global chemical industry is a $2.5 trillion market, according to a 2015 report by Roland Berger. Chemicals are utilized in a broad range of end-use markets, including heavy industry, mining, construction, consumer goods, textiles and healthcare. While there is significant ongoing process innovation and technological development in the broader chemicals industry, producers are still heavily reliant on petroleum-derived feedstocks.

Reliance on Petrochemicals

While the global chemical industry provides many value-added products to industrial and consumer end-markets, it is facing an increasing number of challenges as a result of its significant reliance on petroleum as its primary feedstock for the following reasons:

Biochemical Alternatives

We believe there is significant and growing demand for a low-cost and sustainable alternative to using petroleum for chemical production. We have developed a biochemical process to address this demand, using a yeast that can convert sugars derived from renewable feedstocks into bio-succinic acid.  Our bio-succinic acid is a biologically produced, chemically identical replacement for petroleum-derived succinic acid that can also substitute other petrochemicals such as maleic anhydride, isophthalic acid and adipic

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acid in certain applications. Target end-uses for bio-succinic acid include plasticizers, polyurethanes, personal care products, resins and coatings, de-icing solutions, lubricants, PET resins and food additives.

Bio-succinic acid is often referred to as a “building block” chemical because it can also be converted into other families of chemicals that are then used in the production of a wide array of consumer end-products.  

Bio-succinic acid is produced from renewable sugars in a carbon dioxide-sequestering process, which results in higher theoretical yields than other bio-based chemicals, as shown in the table below.

We believe that as manufacturers of bio-based chemicals produce at reduced costs compared to their petrochemical equivalents, the market for bio-based chemicals will grow rapidly.   Until now, the high cost of producing succinic acid from petroleum feedstock has limited its use. We believe there is a significant opportunity for bio-based chemical manufacturers who can reliably deliver high quality product at scale, with the required specifications of potential customers and at a competitive cost.

Our Strengths

Our business benefits from a number of competitive strengths, including:

Proprietary Technology Platform that Addresses a Large Market Opportunity

Our proprietary technology platform integrates industrial biotechnology and chemical catalysis to produce bio-based chemicals as cost-competitive, chemically identical replacements for petroleum-derived equivalents. We own or have exclusive rights to specific microorganisms, chemical catalysis technology and a scalable and flexible purification process that, when combined and optimized, convert renewable feedstocks into platform chemicals. We believe the strength of our platform, our intellectual property portfolio and our licensing agreements with Cargill and Davy will allow us to extend our chemical production beyond our current product, bio-succinic acid, to large existing markets including BDO and THF. We believe our bio-based chemicals can serve as “drop-in” replacements for existing petroleum-based chemicals in these markets. Together, these chemicals address what we believe to be an approximately $8 billion market opportunity.

Selling Commercial Product Today

We are the largest company selling bio-succinic acid at commercial scale. Our customers utilize our product as a cost-competitive, sustainable alternative to petroleum-based specialty chemicals in polymers, food additives and flavorings, bath salts, polyurethanes, pharmaceutical and other applications. Our ability to supply large scale quantities of bio-succinic acid at a competitive price is intended to enable our customers to develop new applications and initiate commercialization of their products.

Cost-Competitive Economics

Our experience operating the large-scale demonstration facility in Pomacle, France for five years prior to commencing operations in our Sarnia plant helped us to refine our process to make bio-succinic acid cost-competitive without subsidies. We expect to produce bio-succinic acid that is cost-competitive with succinic acid produced from oil priced as low as $30.00 per barrel, based on management’s estimate of production costs at full capacity at our facility in Sarnia, Ontario and an assumed corn price of $4.00 per

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bushel. Since commencing operations at our Sarnia facility, we have observed that our fermentations consistently achieved our targeted yield, productivity and volume targets. Our fermenters are greater than one million liters in size.

Limited Exposure to the Availability and Price of Sugar

Our process requires less sugar than other renewable products. We require approximately 50% less sugar to produce a pound of bio-succinic acid than is needed to produce a pound of ethanol (0.15 gallons), and even less sugar than is needed to produce a pound of several other bio-based chemicals. This makes our process less vulnerable to price increases in sugar, relative to other bio-based processes. This efficient use of sugar translates into reduced consumption.  At full capacity, our Sarnia facility will require less than 0.4 % of the annual North American production of sugar from corn dextrose and high fructose corn syrup. Given this modest demand and our ability to source sugar from a variety of sources, rapid growth in our production capacity would not likely have a material impact on the sugar markets from which we plan to source.

Global Manufacturing Expansion Plan

Our Sarnia facility has a nameplate capacity of 30,000 MT of succinic acid per year and has been in operation since October 2015.   We plan to build a second manufacturing facility in North America, either in the state of Louisiana or on another site in Sarnia, Ontario.  This second facility would have the fermentation capacity required to produce 200,000 MT of bio-succinic acid annually at full capacity.  A majority of this succinic acid would be further converted into BDO and THF using technology licensed from Davy. We have designed a plant that would have the capacity to produce 60,000 MT of bio-succinic acid, 70,000 MT of BDO and 24,000 MT of THF annually.  Our goal is to have this second plant in operation by 2020.

In December 2016 we signed a non-binding letter of intent with South Korean-based CJ CheilJedang Corporation, or CJCJ.   Under the terms of the agreement, we plan to establish a joint venture with CJCJ in China to produce up to 36,000 MT of bio-succinic acid annually and sell the output in Asia.  The goal is to competitively produce bio-succinic acid in China to quickly penetrate the world’s largest succinic acid market.  CJCJ would incur all capital costs required to retrofit their fermentation facility, including the capital needed during commissioning and startup, and production would begin in the first quarter of 2018. CJCJ would own 65% of the joint venture and we would own 35%.  We would also receive a license fee for the use of our technology.

Our goal is to use the free cash flows from these first three facilities to finance the construction and operation of additional plants in the future.  We may also license out our technology opportunistically to companies that would have internal use for the technology, or that are located in jurisdictions where we could not easily build and operate our own plants.

Experienced Management Team with Strong Track Record

Our management team consists of experienced professionals, possessing extensive experience in scaling up, manufacturing and commercializing chemicals and bio-based products, gained at both large companies and entrepreneurial start-ups. Members of our senior management team and Board have worked at companies including Abengoa, Ajinomoto, Cargill, Chemetall, DuPont, Dow, Eastman Chemical, Genencor, Invista and Tate & Lyle.

Our Strategy

Our goal is to be a leading provider of renewable chemicals by replacing petroleum-based chemicals with our bio-based alternatives.  We plan to achieve this goal by pursuing four key strategies.

Rapidly Expand Our Global Manufacturing Capacity

We started commercial operations in the fourth quarter of 2015 at our first commercial facility in Sarnia, Ontario in cooperation with Mitsui. We plan to construct additional large-scale bio-based succinic acid facilities in multiple geographic regions employing a standardized design that facilitates expedient and capital-efficient growth. We expect to benefit from incremental cost reductions and further technological and engineering improvements at each additional facility. To further streamline production and reduce costs, we plan to integrate production and locate these facilities in proximity to required infrastructure and feedstock. We intend to retain operational control and a majority interest in these facilities and leverage new partnerships to obtain capital, construct the facilities, secure feedstock, sell future output and assist with manufacturing and market access.

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Target the Large and Established Markets for BDO and THF

We intend to leverage our ability to produce high quality bio-succinic at low cost, by converting it into BDO and THF, which are used in the production of polyesters, plastics, spandex and other products. We have licensed technology from Davy, which we believe will enable us to produce BDO and THF at a cost that is competitive with alternative processes, at equivalent purity.  We have announced our intention to build a second facility in North America that will have the capacity to produce 70,000 MT per year of BDO and 24,000 MT per year of THF. We have entered into a 15 year offtake contract with Vinmar in which they will guarantee 100% offtake of the BDO and THF produced in this planned facility. We expect to benefit from Vinmar’s global logistics expertise, its past experience selling large volumes of BDO and THF from a Saudi Arabia production facility, and its experience executing large chemical projects. Vinmar also plans to invest alongside us in the facility.

Expand the Market for Succinic Acid

We plan to continue to work with independent labs, industry leaders and customers to test the use of our bio-succinic acid in new and emerging applications.  This work will involve new products made with bio-succinic acid, as well as the substitution of conventional petro-chemicals with renewable succinic acid in existing products.  We intend to continue to generate data that demonstrates value in use, including performance or economic benefits, along with the greater sustainability that our bio-based succinic acid offers compared to that derived from petroleum.   We also plan to leverage our proprietary technology platform and expertise in the production of bio-succinic acid to target the production of derivatives including salts, esters, polyols and plasticizers.

Continue to Reduce the Cost of Our Products

Our goal is to be the lowest cost producer of the chemicals we manufacture. Our bio-succinic acid production process has high yields and benefits from our proprietary low pH yeast and our simplified purification process.  We plan to continue to carefully invest in research and development and process engineering to further improve our technology platform’s yield, productivity, energy consumption and purification recovery, in an effort to further reduce our operating costs and the capital intensity of future plants. We have also implemented an operational excellence program in our Sarnia facility that aims to continuously improve the efficiency of our plant operations.

Our Products

Bio-Succinic Acid

We chose to develop bio-succinic acid as our first product because it is a platform chemical that can be used in a broad range of markets, from high value niche applications such as personal care products and food additives, to large volume applications such as bioplastics, plasticizers, polyurethanes, resins and coatings. Bio-succinic acid is also unique in terms of the limited quantity of sugar that is needed for its production. In 2004, the DOE published a report on “Top Value-Added Chemicals from Biomass”, identifying the top opportunities for the production of chemicals from biomass. The study prioritized twelve chemicals, from a group of over 300 possible building blocks that could be most effectively manufactured from sugars. Bio-succinic acid was recognized as one of the renewable building block chemicals with the greatest technical feasibility and commercial potential.

We have identified four main market opportunities for our bio-succinic acid platform:

Historically, the high cost of producing succinic acid from petroleum feedstock limited its use to a narrow range of specialty applications such as pharmaceuticals and food ingredients. A study published in August 2012 by Roland Berger estimated the market

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for petroleum-based succinic acid at approximately 51,000 MT per year. Roland Berger projected that the succinic acid market will grow at a compounded annual growth rate of between 25% and 30% through 2020.

We are currently marketing our bio-succinic acid in several markets, using technical data to demonstrate value in use:

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We estimate the global addressable market for these various uses of bio-succinic acid is in excess of $2 billion.

Bio-based 1,4 Butanediol (BDO)

Succinic acid can be used to produce BDO.  The major uses of BDO are in the production of polyurethanes and PBT.  PBT is an engineering-grade thermoplastic that combines excellent mechanical and electrical properties with robust chemical resistance. The automotive and electronics industries heavily rely on PBT to produce connectors, insulators, wheel covers, gearshift knobs and reinforcing beams. We believe there is growing interest in the automotive industry to produce PBT and blends that are partially bio-based to enable automobile manufacturers to meet their sustainability goals. Based on information obtained from ICIS Chemical Business Magazine (August 27 – September 9, 2012), the global BDO market is estimated to be approximately $4 billion.

Tetrahydrofuran (THF)

Succinic acid can also be used to produce THF.  THF is used to produce spandex fibers and other performance polymers, resins, solvents and printing inks for plastics.  There is also growing demand in the apparel industry for renewable, bio-based spandex.  Based on information obtained from CEH Marketing Research Reports on Tetrahydrofuran published in October 2010 and March 2013, respectively, we estimate the global THF market to be approximately $2 billion.

Our Technology

Our proprietary technology platform combines industrial biotechnology and chemical catalysis to convert renewable feedstocks into chemicals that are cost-competitive replacements for petroleum-derived chemicals. We have distinct technologies:

Succinic Acid Production

Our process is based on the fermentation of sugar using a proprietary yeast organism to produce bio-succinic acid. Following separation and purification, bio-succinic acid, in its finished form, is a white crystal that physically resembles table salt.

In 2010 we signed a license with Cargill granting us exclusive rights to their yeast platform for the production of bio-succinic acid that could offer lower capital costs and lower operating costs. Cargill had developed a proprietary yeast host that is very robust and capable of thriving in harsh fermentation conditions, including high tolerance to organic acids such as succinic acid, high tolerance to low pH, physical robustness to heat, agitation and processing, high glycolytic rates and the ability to grow in a simple medium with inexpensive nutrients. Cargill has a patent portfolio to protect its yeast platform.

Our yeast produces succinic acid at a very low pH, so that there is no base added during the fermentation. This results in reduced energy consumption and a simplified purification process. Our yeast also gives us the ability to use larger, less complex fermenters relative to a bacteria, leading to lower capital intensity and operating costs.  Our Sarnia plant operates with our yeast. Since we began operations in the Sarnia facility in the fall of 2015, we have consistently achieved our performance targets with respect to our yeast’s yield on sugar, productivity and production quantity.  We are continuing to improve our yeast to further enhance its performance, thereby further reducing the cost of production and the capital intensity of future plants.

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1,4-BDO / THF Production

We plan to utilize catalyst technology licensed from Davy to transform our bio-succinic acid into BDO and THF. The process involves passing the methyl ester form of our bio-succinic acid and hydrogen gas into a fixed bed reactor over a heterogeneous catalyst, converting the bio-succinic acid into a mixture of BDO and THF.  These outputs are then distilled to separate, purify and recover the high quality BDO, and THF. Our bio-succinic acid has been tested and validated in Davy’s pilot plant to assure performance and quality, and the Davy license provides performance guarantees for process economics (yields, catalyst and utility consumption, recovery of final product) and final product quality.

Technology Partnerships

We have developed our technology platform through open innovation—using partnerships and licenses to access the best available technologies, facilities and know-how. We have complemented these third party contributions with in-house development efforts, integrating the whole into a competitive platform. The use of open innovation has reduced the capital and operating costs of development and accelerated our development efforts.

Cargill

In April 2010, we entered into a commercial license agreement with Cargill pursuant to which Cargill granted us an exclusive, worldwide, royalty bearing license. We agreed to pay Cargill a royalty based on net sales of our products, but in no event less than a minimum annual royalty payment if we wish to maintain our exclusive license. If royalties based on net sales are below the minimum annual royalty payment, we can elect to pay the difference. If we elect not to pay the difference in any one year, Cargill may transform the exclusive license granted to us under the agreement to a non-exclusive, worldwide license. This is a long-term agreement that renews automatically.

In May 2012, we secured an exclusive, worldwide, royalty-bearing license from Cargill to use certain patents that cover Cargill’s yeast for the production of adipic acid. In addition to the license, we were granted the option to further develop Cargill’s yeast so that it can consume ligno-cellulosic and non-food feedstocks to produce bio-succinic acid or bio-adipic acid.  

      Johnson Matthey Davy Technologies

In December 2014, we entered into a license agreement with Davy. We intend to use the technology licensed from Davy in our second North American facility, which would use bio-succinic acid as the feedstock to produce 70,000 MT of BDO and 24,000 MT of THF. We also secured the right to license the Davy technology for two additional BDO/THF plants. We also entered into an engineering agreement with Davy in relation with the license agreement, under which Davy provided a complete basic engineering package for converting bio-succinic acid to BDO and THF, along with the provision to supply certain pieces of equipment and the catalysts needed to operate the plant.  Davy will also provide on-site construction and commissioning support, and performance guarantees for the subsequent operation of the plant as part of its technology license to us.  

National Research Council of Canada

We have partnered with the National Research Council of Canada, the Government of Canada’s premier organization for research and development, and with the INRS, a Canadian university dedicated to fundamental and applied research, to develop an organism that can consume methanol or methane for the production of bio-succinic acid. We began this work in November 2012.  The work led to the production of one PCT and one US patent application. We proved that we can engineer a specific microorganism to produce bio-based succinic acid using biogas or methane but more research will be required to design a cost-effective process.

 

Intellectual Property

Our success depends in part upon our ability to obtain and maintain protection for our proprietary technologies and to operate without infringing the intellectual property rights of others. We primarily protect our intellectual property in Canada, the United States, Europe and certain other jurisdictions through a combination of (i) patents and patent applications for our inventions; (ii) trademark protection on our product names; and (iii) trade secret protection where we deem appropriate. We also seek to ensure a competitive position through several partnerships, joint development and joint venture agreements.

 

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We own or have rights in patents and patent applications directed to various aspects of our business. Our licensing agreement with Cargill gives us access to four existing patent families covering topics such as methods and materials for the production of organic products including organic acids using genetically-modified yeast species to fermentation process optimization. Patents resulting from these four patent families are scheduled to expire from 2019 to 2026.  Our collaboration with Cargill has also generated three international patent applications licensed to us or owned by us that are directed to the production of succinic acid.  Patents, if granted on these patent applications, would expire in 2031 to 2033.

 

With regard to the purification of bio-succinic acid and other dicarboxylic acids produced by fermentation, we own three U.S. patents, nine granted patents in Europe and other countries directed to processes for producing succinic acid, adipic acid, and other di-carboxylic acids, or their ammonium salt forms from fermentation broths.  These patents are set to expire in 2031 onwards. For BDO and THF production, we entered into a technology license with Davy.  This licensing package will enable us to construct and operate a facility that can produce 70,000 MT of BDO and 24,000 MT of THF annually. We have also secured the right to license that same technology for two additional BDO/THF plants.  

 

For the conversion of bio-succinic acid to BDO, we also own patents and patent applications in various countries including U.S., Europe and Canada.  These patents and patent applications are directed to the conversion of bio-succinic acid to BDO.  These patents and applications are scheduled to expire in 2031. In addition, we own an international patent application, U.S. patent applications and corresponding patent applications in Europe, Canada and other countries that are directed to the conversion of bio-succinic acid into other compounds including diaminobutane, succinic dinitrile, succinamide and pyrrolidones. If granted, these patents would expire in 2031. We also own or have rights in patents and patent applications directed to the use of succinic acid and succinic acid salts.  For example, we own a U.S. patent and a Canadian patent directed to de-icing compositions. These de-icing patents are scheduled to expire in 2029.  

 

We have negotiated standstill and non-assertion agreements with two companies, Reverdia and Mitsubishi Chemical, or MCC, whereby these companies have agreed not to claim any patent infringement against our succinic acid technology in return for a running royalty on our bio-succinic acid sales.  These agreements are not an admission of infringement on our part, and they do not give us the right to practice these companies’ technologies.  We entered into these agreements in furtherance of our strategy to seek full freedom-to-operate in the production of bio-succinic acid.

 

We have sought protection for the BioAmber logo and composite trademark (name & logo) in association with chemicals used for industrial purposes, namely, organic acids, di-functional alkanes, organic salts and derivatives. We have sought protection in the United States, China, Japan, South Korea, European Union, Switzerland, India, Mexico, Turkey, Canada, Thailand, Taiwan and Brazil. 

 

We also protect our proprietary information through written agreements. Our employees, consultants, contractors, partners and other advisors are required to execute nondisclosure and assignment of invention agreements upon commencement of employment or engagement. In addition, we protect our proprietary information through written confidentiality agreements with outside parties who may be exposed to confidential information.

Our Feedstock Strategy

Our yeast can use a range of renewable feedstocks as a source of fermentable “sugars”, including glucose (also called dextrose) from corn, wheat, tapioca and other starch and cellulose sources, sucrose (also called sugar) from cane, beets or sorghum and biomass sugars containing significant quantities of glucose, derived from agricultural and forestry waste. Given the relatively small quantity of fermentable sugars that we require to produce bio-succinic acid, we have initially sourced commercially available dextrose syrup for our facility in Sarnia, which we believe to be the most cost competitive source of fermentable sugars today in North America. We have entered into a multi-year glucose supply agreement with a leading producer that operates several glucose production plants in North America. As biomass sugar technologies mature and become commercially available at competitive prices, our plan is to also source them for the production of our chemicals (feedstock hedging and diversification).

We expect to sign shortly a supply agreement with Comet, a Canadian based company producing biomass sugars. The supply agreement provides us with high-purity glucose that would be produced in Comet’s planned commercial facility in Sarnia, Ontario. The glucose would be produced from agricultural residues using Comet’s innovative extraction technology.  The agreement also requires Comet to supply glucose to our future manufacturing facilities and provides us with certain exclusive rights in the fields of succinic acid, BDO and THF.  We also made a small equity investment in the amount of $412,434 (CAD$500,000) in Comet, and our former CEO, Jean-Francois Huc, is a member of Comet’s board of directors.  We had tested several biomass sugars and we believe that today, Comet offers glucose that is on par with corn dextrose in term of quality. Comet had proven this by operating a large demonstration plant in Italy.  We recognize the growing need to focus the food chain on human nutrition, and to use sustainable, non-food, sources of biomass to produce chemicals and materials. As such, we plan to move to biomass derived sugars as they become

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commercially available and economically viable. We are pursuing three strategies to achieve this goal: (i) assist Comet with its scale up and source the sugars they eventually produce for bio-succinic acid production in our Sarnia facility; (ii) license Cargill’s lignocellulosic technology and incorporate it into our yeast, so that the yeast can consume C5 sugars derived from lignocellulose; and (iii) develop a next-generation organism that can consume methanol or methane as the source of carbon to produce succinic acid. This would allow us to use alternative feedstock such as syngas.

Our Approach to Sustainability

We are committed to managing our economic, social, environmental and ethical performance through sustainable business practices. We have completed a life cycle analysis for our facility in Sarnia that indicates that no net carbon dioxide equivalent (greenhouse gases) is emitted per kilogram of our bio-succinic acid produced, making our process carbon neutral. This is significantly less carbon emission intensive than the current petrochemical process for making succinic acid, in which 7.1 kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent are emitted per kilogram of succinic acid produced. This represents a 100% reduction in greenhouse gases for our bio-succinic acid process, relative to the current petrochemical process for making succinic acid. The life cycle analysis also indicates that our facility in Sarnia consumes 64% less energy than the current petrochemical process.

Manufacturing Operations

Sarnia, Ontario

Our facility in Sarnia, Ontario is on a land that we own and is located within a bio-industrial park. The site is co-located in a large petrochemical hub with existing infrastructure that facilitates access to utilities and certain raw materials and finished product shipment, including steam, electricity, cooling water and water treatment. The facility has a nameplate capacity of 30,000 MT of bio-succinic acid per year and we started commercial scale production in October 2015. We anticipate that this facility will have ramped up to full capacity by 2018.

(front view of the Sarnia facility)

The plant has received ISO 9001 (for its quality management system), ISO 14001 (for its environmental management system), OHSAS 18001 (for its health and safety management system) and FSSC 22000 certification (for its food safety management system).  These certifications were granted by accredited certification bodies following audits of the Sarnia plant in the fourth quarter of 2015 and were renewed in 2016

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In November 2011, we entered into a joint venture agreement with Mitsui to finance and build and operate our facility in Sarnia, Ontario through BioAmber Sarnia, a joint venture 70% owned by us and 30% owned by Mitsui. In 2016, Mitsui agreed to provide BioAmber Sarnia with an additional capital contribution of CAD$25 million, which increased Mitsui’s aggregate capital contribution to CAD$66.1 million and share ownership to 40%. We have retained effective operational control of BioAmber Sarnia.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(Side view of the Sarnia Facility)

Additional Planned Manufacturing Facilities

We plan to build a second integrated manufacturing facility that will produce approximately 200,000 MT per year of bio-succinic acid and then transform a majority of the bio-succinic acid into 70,000 MT per year of BDO and 24,000 MT per year of THF, along with 60,000 MT per year of crystalline succinic acid. We have signed a 15 year offtake agreement with Vinmar for 100% of the BDO and THF output.  On December 22, 2016, we entered into an amendment to this offtake agreement with Vinmar for BDO and THF which extended the deadline for achieving the financial close to December 31, 2018.  We have also signed an offtake agreement with Vinmar for a portion of the bio-based succinic acid production.  The annual volume of the offtake agreement will be agreed between the parties prior to the financial close of the plant.  Vinmar plans to take a 10% equity stake in the plant. We are actively seeking other minority equity partners for this facility, as well as government support in the form of low interest loans or loan guarantees.  On December 22, 2016, we entered into an amendment to this offtake agreement for bio-succinic acid, which terminated the portion of the offtake agreement related to our Sarnia facility in connection with entering into our non-binding letter of intent with CJCJ, pursuant to which such termination is a requirement of the definitive agreements contemplated by the non-binding letter of intent. In addition, our joint venture partner Mitsui has taken a more active role in the commercialization of bio-succinic acid in Asia following the amendment of our joint venture agreement with Mitsui in the spring of 2016. Mitsui has informed us, and we believe, that the continuation of the Vinmar arrangement has resulted in channel conflict and presented difficulty for Mitsui to develop the market for bio-succinic acid in Asia in parallel with Vinmar’s efforts. We believe that such channel conflict would be exacerbated as CJCJ begins to sell bio-succinic acid in China and Korea as part of its pre-marketing efforts for our proposed China joint venture.  In our original agreement, the second and third bio-succinic acid plants had December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2019 deadlines respectively for achieving a financial close. The amendment extended the deadlines for achieving the financial close of the second and third plants to December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The amendment also removed the predefined production volume and offtake for the second and third bio-succinic acid plants. Vinmar and BioAmber must now agree to the bio-succinic acid capacity and offtake volume of plants two and three, taking into account global supply and demand dynamics. The failure of the parties to agree would allow either party to terminate the portion of the offtake agreement related to the plant in question.

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Based on current estimates and assumptions, we expect this second North American manufacturing facility to have construction costs of approximately $500 million, and the plant would be in operation by 2020 assuming we achieve a financial close in late 2017.  We are seeking to finance 70% of the capital cost through project level debt.   In the fall of 2016 we announced an important milestone in our application for a $360 million loan guarantee from the U.S. DOE.  The U.S. DOE’s Loan Program Office (LPO) administers a four phase process under the Title XVII Innovative Clean Energy Projects loan guarantee program.  This program finances innovative renewable energy and efficient energy projects.   We had successfully completed the first two phases of the process and were selected for the next phase in which we have engaged the LPO in the negotiation of terms and conditions of the potential loan guarantee, and we have been working with the LPO to validate the engineering, environmental, market and financial information that we had submitted in the previous phases.  We have also been engaged with Canadian federal and provincial agencies in a similar process to secure low interest loans to build the plant in Sarnia Ontario, rather than the U.S.

 

We have also signed a non-binding letter of intent with CJCJ.   Under the terms of the agreement, we plan to establish a joint venture with CJCJ in China to produce up to 36,000 MT of bio-succinic acid annually and sell the output in Asia.  CJCJ would incur all capital costs required to retrofit an existing fermentation facility in China, including the capital needed during commissioning and startup, and production would begin in the first quarter of 2018.   CJCJ would own 65% of the joint venture and we would own 35%.  Based on our current estimate and assumption, we expect that this joint venture will allow us to rapidly and effectively penetrate the Chinese market for succinic acid.

Research and Development

As of December 31, 2016, our research and development department activities funded an internal team of 30 scientists and engineers that were employed by us. We also work with partners, including Cargill, to accelerate time to market and leverage existing know-how and infrastructure. Our technology development was initially focused on capabilities in fermentation engineering, analytical chemistry and molecular biology.

Our net research and development expenditures were approximately $7.2 million, $20.3 million and $15.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively.

We compete with petro-based succinic acid manufactured by established companies, including Kawasaki Kasei, Nippon Shokubai, and numerous Chinese producers including Anqing Hexing Chemical Co. Ltd., and Anhui Sunsing Chemicals Co., Ltd.  In addition, we compete against other companies producing bio-based succinic acid, though these companies operate demonstration scale plants that are smaller than our Sarnia facility. These competitors are PTT Global Chemical, owner of Myriant Corporation, Reverdia, a collaborative venture between DSM and Roquette Frères S.A., and Succinity, a collaborative venture between BASF and Corbion.

We believe that the primary competitive drivers include:

We believe we compete favorably with respect to all of these drivers. With our yeast and our simple purification process, we are confident that we are a cost competitive producer of high quality bio-succinic acid relative to both our bio-based competitors and existing petroleum producers. In addition to our technology advantage, we believe the size of our Sarnia plant also provides a cost advantage in terms of depreciation and fixed operating costs, given that our bio-succinic competitors operate plants that are less than half our annual capacity, and in the case of DSM-Roquette and Purac-BASF, one third the size of Sarnia. The location of our plant also provides us with lower cost sugars and energy than in Southern Europe, where the DSM-Roquette (Italy) and Purac-BASF (Spain) plants are located.

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Our first-to-market leadership in bio-succinic acid provides us with a lead-time advantage that we have leveraged to secure customer relationships, enter into contractual agreements and establish partnerships for new succinic acid applications and derivative products. However, our competitors include large chemical companies that are better capitalized, with larger research and development departments and budgets, and well-developed distribution systems and networks for their products. These companies have relationships with our potential customers and have sales and marketing programs in place to promote their products.

With respect to our BDO/THF, we believe we will be cost competitive with petroleum derived processes.  We calculate that our technology to produce BDO will require approximately 20% less capital than the n-butane-based process.   Given the competitive cost structure of our bio-succinic acid, which will serve as the starting material for the production of BDO/THF in our integrated production plants, we project that our full cost for BDO and THF will be situated in the bottom third of the cost stack for existing worldwide capacity.

We also believe that we will be cost competitive with other bio-based routes to BDO due to the high yield on sugar that we gain from converting sugar to succinic acid. Our integrated process involves two steps: fermentation of sugar to produce succinic acid, followed by the catalytic conversion of succinic acid to BDO, as opposed to a single step production that other companies, such as Genomatica, achieve by directly fermenting sugar to BDO. However, sugar is a significant component of variable cost in both processes, and the theoretical yield for the Genomatica one-step process requires roughly 50% more sugar than the theoretical yield of our two-step process. The term “theoretical sugar yield” with respect to these processes refers to the quantity of sugar obtained from the complete conversion of a feedstock in a chemical reaction under ideal conditions with perfect efficiency. Real-life processes inevitably incur processing losses and produce small quantities of by-products that reduce the overall yield on sugar, so that the actual yields are inferior to theoretical yields. Because there is approximately 24% weight loss during the conversion of bio-succinic acid to BDO due to the production of water, the theoretical sugar yield for BDO production is 85%, which is approximately 50% higher than the theoretical sugar yield for direct fermentation to BDO.

Regulatory Overview

We are subject to various international, federal, state and local regulatory laws, rules and regulations, including those relating to pollutant discharges into the environment, the management of hazardous materials, the protection of endangered species and the health and safety of our employees. For example, in the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Act and analogous state laws and regulations govern the protection of the health and safety of employees. The Clean Air Act and analogous state laws and regulations impose obligations related to emissions of air pollutants, including greenhouse gases. CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act) and analogous state laws and regulations govern the clean-up of hazardous substances. The Water Pollution Control Act, also known as the Clean Water Act, and analogous state laws and regulations govern discharges into waters. The TSCA and analogous state laws and regulations impose requirements on the production, importation, use and disposal of chemicals and genetically modified microorganisms.

In Canada, similar regulatory programs exist under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA 1999). In particular, a regulatory program similar to TSCA requires that Environment Canada approve the manufacture of any chemical not already included on the Domestic Substances List (DSL). We obtained the approval from Environment Canada with respect to the use of our yeast in 2013. If Environment Canada were to require any of our future products to undergo extensive testing, which we currently do not anticipate, securing approval to manufacture such products would potentially be subject to significant delays or costs. In the European Union, we are subject to a chemical regulatory program known as REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemical Substances). Under REACH, we are required to register our products with the European Commission. The registration process requires the submission of information to demonstrate the safety of chemicals as used and could result in significant costs or delay the manufacture or sale of our products in the European Union. BioAmber’s bio-based succinic acid has been approved under REACH.

In addition, we are or will be required to obtain, maintain or file various approvals, permits, licenses, registrations, certifications, intents to manufacture, environmental assessments and other requirements, such as air emission and water discharge permits, construction permits and boiler licenses. Such laws, regulations and permit conditions can result in substantial liabilities and the potential for permit revocations and plant shutdowns in the event we fail to comply with the applicable law, regulation or permit condition. The development of new processes, manufacture of new products using our processes, commercial sales of products produced using our processes, as well as geographic expansion, and in particular international expansion, will subject us and our industry partners to additional regulatory laws, rules and regulations. Finally, as we enter new markets such as the food, feed or cosmetic industries, we will be required to follow specific rules and regulations for these new applications.

The construction and operation of our production plants require obtaining permits and other approvals in various jurisdictions. For example, the production plant in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada required Certificates of Approval from the Ministry of Environment, an

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Environmental Assessment under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, approval of the organism under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA 1999) and planning, construction, building, occupancy and fire permits from the City of Sarnia. Similar requirements are anticipated to apply in other countries where production plants are or may be planned. As a condition to granting the permits and other approvals, regulators could make demands that increase our construction and operating costs and result in the need to procure additional financing. Failure to obtain and comply with all applicable permits and other approvals could halt construction and subject us and our partners to future claims. We therefore cannot guarantee procurement or compliance with the terms of all permits and all other approvals needed to complete, and later continue to operate, our and our partners’ production plants. In addition to actual plant operations, liabilities could arise from investigation and clean-up of environmental contamination at our and our partners’ production plants. We and our partners may also be subject to third-party claims alleging property damage or personal injury due to the release of or exposure to hazardous substances.

In addition, new laws, new regulations, new interpretations of existing laws or regulations, future governmental enforcement of environmental laws or other developments could result in significant expenditures. For example, in 2009, the United States Environmental Protection Agency announced its “Essential Principles for Reform of Chemicals Management Legislation” and in April 2011, the Safe Chemicals Act of 2011 was introduced in the United States Congress. This bill would amend TSCA to be more like REACH and require safety testing of all industrial chemicals and could result in the need to disclose confidential business information relating to chemical safety. We are monitoring this and other legislative and regulatory developments. Any failure by us or our industry partners to comply with applicable regulatory rules and regulations could harm our reputation as well as our business, financial condition and operating results. In addition, regulatory approvals, registrations, permits, licenses, certifications and other requirements may be denied or rescinded resulting in significant delays, additional costs and abandonment of certain planned activities or require us to engage in costly and time consuming efforts to remediate. Compliance with applicable regulatory rules and regulations can be costly and time consuming.

Employees

As of December 31, 2016, we had 86 full-time employees. Of these employees, 12 were engaged in research and development and engineering, four were engaged in sales and marketing, 17 were engaged in general and administrative activities and 53 were engaged in operational activities including engineering. Seventy-one employees are based in Canada, 13 are based in the United States and the remaining two employees are located in Europe. We have never experienced any employment-related stoppages and we consider our employee relations to be good.

You should carefully consider the risks described below and the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our business, prospects, financial condition, or operating results could be harmed by any of these risks, as well as other risks not currently known to us or that we currently consider immaterial. If any of such risks and uncertainties actually occurs, our business, financial condition or operating results could differ materially from the plans, projections and other forward-looking statements included in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and elsewhere in this report and in our other public filings. The trading price of our common stock could decline due to any of these risks, and, as a result, you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry

We have a limited operating history, a history of losses, anticipate continuing to incur losses for a period of time, and may never achieve or sustain profitability.

We have only been in existence since October 2008 and, therefore, we have a limited operating history upon which you can base your evaluation of our business. As a result, any assessments of our current business and predictions you make about our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they could have been if we had a longer operating history. Since our inception, we have incurred substantial net losses, including net losses of $28.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, $41.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, and $47.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. We expect these losses to continue. We expect to continue to incur substantial costs and expenses related to the continued development and expansion of our business, including those related to the development, continuation and operation of our additional manufacturing facilities, research, testing and development of new products and the growth of our sales and marketing efforts. We will need to generate and sustain increased revenues in future periods in order to become profitable. We cannot assure you that we will ever achieve or sustain profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.

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To achieve profitability, we need to execute our manufacturing expansion strategy, including the ramp up of our facility in Sarnia, Ontario.

We are currently ramping up our first facility in cooperation with Mitsui in Sarnia, Ontario. We expect this facility to be operating at full capacity by 2018. We intend to build and operate additional facilities over the next three to five years. We have limited experience in operating a commercial-scale production facility, and our technology may not perform as expected in future plants.

There is no guarantee that our Sarnia facility will produce at full capacity and even if we do meet these goals, we may encounter operational challenges for which we are unable to devise a workable solution or which may result in additional costs. To date, we have entered into agreements that contemplate, but do not obligate, us to supply approximately 23,000 MTs of bio-succinic acid and its derivatives per year until the end of 2019, and we are actively seeking to enter into additional supply agreements. Some of these supply agreements obligate our customers to exclusively fulfill their needs for bio-succinic acid from us, contingent on our ability to meet their price and other requirements; however, there are no penalties in the event they do not purchase or we do not supply them with bio-succinic acid in the projected purchase volumes they have indicated in the agreements. Without increasing our production capacity by completing future facilities, we may not be able to meet the demands of our customers and our customer relationships and commercialization growth may suffer.

We began operations at our facility in Sarnia, Ontario in October 2015 and we may encounter substantial difficulties in ramping up commercial operations and meeting the expectations of our customers.  Because we produce all of our products at our single facility, any disruptions or delays may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We began commissioning and start-up of our Sarnia facility in March 2015, and started operations in October 2015.  Because our facility is the first of its kind, none of our employees have had any prior experience in its operation.  As a result, we may experience unforeseen challenges and difficulties and, until the operations stabilize and we obtain more experience operating a commercial scale facility, the Sarnia facility may be more susceptible to start-ups, shutdowns, quality issues, or other delays or disruptions.  For example, in the first months of operations at the Sarnia facility, the plant encountered some operational inefficiencies related to human errors, equipment adjustments and minor equipment failures.  We cannot know with certainty when or if we will achieve optimized operations.   The skills and knowledge gained in operating our large-scale demonstration facility in Pomacle, France may prove insufficient for successful operation of a larger-scale commercial facility, and we may be required to expend significant time and resources to develop our capabilities in commercial facility operations. We may also need to hire new employees or contract with third parties to help manage our operations, and our performance may suffer if we are unable to hire qualified parties or if they perform poorly.  

Our operations at our Sarnia, Ontario facility may be adversely affected by changes and events, including the following:

Currently, our only production site is our Sarnia facility.  As a result, significant and prolonged disruptions at the facility would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.  Our operations also may be disrupted by external events such as natural disasters, severe weather conditions, workplace or environmental accidents, mechanical failure, fires, explosions, interruptions of supply, work stoppage, losses of permits or authorizations or acts of terrorism.  Some of these events can cause personal injury and loss of life, severe damage to or destruction of property and equipment and environmental damage, and may result in suspension or cessation of operations and the imposition of civil or criminal penalties. Our facilities and the manufacturing equipment we use would be very costly to replace and could require substantial lead time to repair or replace. In addition, telecommunications failures or other systems interruptions, such as computer viruses or other cyber-attacks, at any of the locations in

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which we do business could significantly disrupt our operations, laboratory processes and delay shipments to our customers.  We can provide no assurance that we will not incur losses related to these or other events beyond the limits or outside the coverage of our insurance policies. Further, disruptions to our operations could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations during the period of time that the facility is not operating.

In addition, we may also experience difficulties in producing sufficient quantities or quality of products or in achieving sufficient quality and manufacturing yield levels.  Our Sarnia facility is also subject to risks associated with having single suppliers for certain key inputs, such as sugar, power and steam, so the failure of any of these suppliers to perform as expected, would also have a material adverse effect on our performance and results of operations.   If we are unable to successfully operate and manage our manufacturing operations at our Sarnia facility or otherwise fail to meet our manufacturing needs, we may not be able to provide our customers with the quality or quantity of products they require, and thus could lose customers and suffer reduced revenues which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

The funding, construction and operation of our facilities involve significant risks.

Having only recently completed construction of our Sarnia, Ontario facility, and we have limited experience constructing a manufacturing facility of the type and size required to produce commercial quantities of chemicals, and doing so is a complex and lengthy undertaking that requires sophisticated, multi-disciplinary planning and precise execution. The funding, construction and operation of manufacturing facilities are subject to a number of risks, any of which could prevent us from executing on our expansion strategy. In particular, the construction costs associated with future facilities may materially exceed budgeted amounts, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. For example, the total completion cost of this initial phase of our Sarnia facility was revised to approximately $141.5 million, which was above the initial estimated cost of $125.0 million (plus or minus 10%). Additionally, while the Sarnia facility could be expanded in the future beyond its initial nameplate capacity of 30,000 MTs, the likelihood, timing and size of an eventual expansion will be a function of the timing of construction of our planned second facility as we are unlikely to undertake two construction projects simultaneously.

If we incur future cost overruns, we may not be able to expand our production capacity and product portfolio as quickly as we planned. While our goal is to negotiate contracts with engineering, procurement and construction firms that minimize risk, any delays or cost overruns we encounter may result in the renegotiation of our construction contracts, which could increase our costs. Further, our expansion strategy will require us and/or our subsidiaries to raise additional funds, including through government grants, if available, and the incurrence of additional debt, which may be in the form of interest-free or interest-bearing loans and which may be secured or unsecured. Such additional debt will likely be substantial.

In addition, the construction of our facilities may be subject to the receipt of approvals and permits from various regulatory agencies. Such agencies may not approve the projects in a timely manner or may impose restrictions or conditions on a production facility that could potentially prevent construction from proceeding, lengthen its expected completion schedule and/or increase its anticipated cost. If construction costs, or the costs of operating and maintaining our manufacturing facilities, are higher than we anticipate, we may be unable to achieve our expected investment return, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We may also encounter new design and engineering or operational challenges as we seek to expand the range of organisms and feedstocks we use. Any design and engineering or operational issues at our facilities may result in diminished production capacity, increased costs of operations or periods in which our facilities are non-operational, all of which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. We intend to obtain and maintain insurance to protect against some of the risks relating to the construction of new projects. However, such insurance may not be available or adequate to cover lost revenues or increased costs if we experience construction problems, cost overruns or delays. If we are unable to address these risks in a satisfactory and timely manner, we may not be able to implement our expansion strategy as planned or at all. In addition, in the event that our products are defective or have manufacturing failures, we may have to write off and incur other charges and expenses for products that fail to meet internal or external specifications. We also may have to write off work-in-process materials and incur other charges and expenses associated with contamination and impurities should they occur.

Our failure to comply with milestone covenants contained in certain of our agreements, including certain debt instruments, government grants and government loans, could result in events of default, and if not cured, would require their accelerated or immediate repayment, in which case our assets and cash flow may be insufficient to make such repayments or fund our manufacturing expansion strategy.  

The terms of our debt instruments require us to comply with various milestone covenants related to the start-up of our facility in Sarnia, Ontario. A breach of any of these covenants could result in an event of default under one or more of these debt instruments

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which, if not cured or waived, could give the holders of the defaulted indebtedness the right to terminate commitments to lend and cause all amounts outstanding with respect to the indebtedness to be due and payable immediately. In addition, we are party to certain agreements with governmental entities that provide grants and loans in connection with the operation of our Sarnia facility. If we fail to meet any of the covenants contained in these grant and loan agreements, we may be forced to repay grants received or the repayment of the loans may be accelerated. If we are forced to repay government grants or accelerate the repayment of government loans, our assets and cash flow may be insufficient to make such repayments or fund our manufacturing expansion strategy.

We have generated only limited sales of bio-succinic acid to date, are dependent on a limited number of customers and face challenges to developing our business.

To date, all our revenue has been derived from the sale of our bio-succinic acid through product and market development efforts related to our bio-succinic acid product, and we have not made sales of any other products. In order to generate sales of our bio-succinic acid and any future products, we must be able to achieve our production cost targets and produce sufficient quantities of our products, both of which are dependent on our ability to maintain our commercial-scale manufacturing facility and build additional manufacturing operations. If we are not successful in operating existing or constructing additional manufacturing facilities or otherwise increasing our manufacturing capacity, developing products that meet our customers’ specifications, further advancing our commercial arrangements with existing customers and gaining new customers, we will be unable to generate meaningful revenue from the sale of our products. In addition, we depend, and expect to continue to depend, on a limited number of customers for sales of our bio-succinic acid. During the year ended December 31, 2016, 71% of our sales were to one customer. During the year ended December 31, 2015, 31% of our sales were to one customer. In the future, a small number of customers may represent a significant portion of our total revenue in any given period. We cannot be certain that such customers will consistently purchase our products at any particular rate over any subsequent period. A loss of, or any credit issues related to, any of these customers or a failure to capture additional customers could adversely affect our financial performance.

Our financial obligations are expected to continue to be substantial, and we may not obtain the additional financing we need in order to grow our business, develop or enhance our products or respond to competitive pressures. In addition, our financial obligations are expected to continue to be substantial.

We will need to raise additional funds in the future in order to grow our business. Any required additional financing may not be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all. Our ability to secure financing and the cost of raising such capital are dependent on numerous factors, including general economic and capital markets conditions, credit availability from lenders, investor confidence and the existence of regulatory and tax incentives that are conducive to raising capital. Current turmoil and uncertainty in the financial markets has caused banks and financial institutions to decrease the amount of capital available for lending and has significantly increased the risk premium of such borrowings. In addition, such turmoil and uncertainty has significantly limited the ability of companies to raise funds through the sale of equity or debt securities. If we are unable to raise additional funds, obtain capital on acceptable terms, secure government grants or co-sponsorships for some of our projects or take advantage of federal and state incentive programs to secure favorable financing, we may have to delay, modify or abandon some or all of our expansion strategies.

Our ongoing operations may require us and/or our subsidiaries to raise additional funds. We may enter into agreements that may require us to expend significant financial resources during the term of such agreements. For example, we recently entered into a non-assertion agreement with Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, pursuant to which we will be required to pay minimum annual royalties in exchange for their not asserting their patent rights. If we raise funds through the issuance of debt, the amount of any indebtedness that we may raise in the future may be substantial, and we may be required to secure such indebtedness with our assets and may have substantial interest expenses. If we default on any future indebtedness, our lenders could declare all outstanding principal and interest to be due and payable and our secured lenders may foreclose on the facilities securing such indebtedness. The incurrence of indebtedness could require us to meet financial and operating covenants, which could place limits on our operations and ability to raise additional capital, decrease our liquidity and increase the amount of cash flow required to service our debt. In addition, if we experience production problems or delays in sales that adversely affect our ability to generate revenues, we may not be able to fund principal or interest payments under any debt that we may incur. The issuance of additional equity securities could result in dilution to our stockholders and the newly-issued securities may have rights senior to those of the holders of our common stock.

Our continuation as a going concern is dependent on our ability to generate sufficient cash flows from operations and to raise additional capital to meet our obligations.  Based on our current operating plan, we anticipate that the net proceeds from our public offerings, equity contributions from Mitsui, a combination of government grants, interest bearing and interest-free loans and our existing cash and cash equivalents, may not be sufficient to enable us to maintain our currently planned operations beyond the next 12 months. We have no additional committed external sources of funds and additional financing may not be available when we need it or may not be available on terms that are favorable to us.

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Our ability to execute our business plan is dependent on our ability to generate sufficient cash flows from operations, raise additional capital or refinance our indebtedness to meet our obligations.  If adequate funds are not available to us on a timely basis, or at all, we may be unable to fund our debt service obligations and be required to reduce or delay operating and capital expenses as deemed appropriate in order to conserve cash.

We cannot assure you that we would be able to take any of these actions or that any effort to sell additional debt or equity securities would be successful or would raise sufficient funds to meet our financial obligations or finance additional facilities or that these actions would be permitted under the terms of our existing or future debt agreements. If additional financing is not available when required or is not available on acceptable terms, we may need to delay, modify or abandon our expansion strategy and we may be unable to take advantage of business opportunities or respond to competitive pressures, which could have a material adverse effect on our offerings, revenue, results of operations and financial condition.

Our prior success in developing bio-succinic acid may not be indicative of our ability to leverage our bio-succinic acid technology to develop and commercialize derivatives of bio-succinic acid and other bio-based building block chemicals.

The success we have had in manufacturing bio-succinic acid using our four carbon, or C4, platform to date may not be indicative of our future ability to develop and commercialize derivatives of bio-succinic acid, and bio-based six carbon, or C6, building block chemicals. Although we expect to be able to leverage our bio-succinic acid technology for use in higher value-added products, we have never produced derivatives of bio-succinic acid or bio-based C6 building block chemicals at commercial scale. We may find that the new chemicals that we produce using our processes are more complex than we anticipated or require processes that we are unfamiliar with or which require larger scale development facilities than expected. The development of new products has required, and will require, that we expend significant financial and management resources. We have incurred, and expect to continue to incur, significant research and development expenses. If we are unable to devote adequate resources to develop new products or cannot otherwise successfully develop new products or enhancements that meet customer requirements on a timely basis, our products could lose market share, our revenues and/or margins could decline and we could experience operating losses. Although our management team has significant experience with industrial biotechnology, purification processes and chemical catalysis, the skills and knowledge gained in these fields and in the large-scale production of bio-succinic acid does not guarantee that we will be successful in our efforts to cost-effectively produce and commercialize bio-succinic acid derivatives or bio-based C6 building block chemicals at commercial scale.

In addition, each of the chemicals that we plan to manufacture are used in multiple and diverse end-markets and applications, each of which present unique requirements, pricing pressures and competitors. As a result, we may not be able to sufficiently serve each end-market adequately. In order to effectively compete in the chemicals industry, we will need to, among other things, be able to adapt our development and production processes to meet the rapidly changing demands of the industry and our customers and ensure that the quality, performance attributes and cost of our bio-based products compare favorably to their petroleum-derived equivalents. In each end-market, there may also be barriers to entry due to third-party intellectual property rights or difficulties forming and maintaining strategic partnerships. In addition, the products currently derived from our processes and the feedstocks we use in the production of bio-succinic acid and our future products, may not be applicable to or compatible with demands in existing or future markets. We may not be able to identify new opportunities as they arise since future applications of any given product may not be readily determinable.

If we are not able to successfully develop, commercialize, produce and sell new products, we may be unable to expand our business. Consequently, we may not succeed in our strategy to expand our product platform as expected or at all. If our ability to expand our product platform is significantly delayed or if we are unable to leverage our bio-succinic acid platform as expected, our business and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

Demand for our bio-succinic acid, bio-based 1,4 BDO, THF and other bio-succinic acid derivatives may take longer to develop or be reduced by technological innovations in our industry that allow our competitors to produce them at a lower cost.

The development of sufficient customer demand for bio-succinic acid, bio-based 1,4 BDO, THF and other bio-succinic acid derivatives will be affected by the cost competitiveness of our products, and the possible emergence of more competitive products. The market for bio-based chemicals will require most potential customers to switch from their existing petroleum-based chemical suppliers. In addition, there has been intense growth and interest in bio-based chemicals, and these industries are subject to rapid technological change and product innovation. Our products are based on our proprietary fermentation and purification process, but a number of companies are pursuing alternative processes and technologies and our success will depend on our ability to maintain a competitive position with respect to technological advances. It is possible that those advances could make bio-succinic acid, bio-based 1,4 BDO, THF and other bio-succinic acid derivatives less efficient or obsolete, causing the renewable chemicals we produce to be of a lesser quality than competing bio-based chemicals or causing the yield of our products to be lower than that for competing

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technologies. These advances could also allow our competitors to produce bio-based chemicals at a lower cost than ours. We cannot predict when new technologies may become available, the rate of acceptance of new technologies by our competitors or the costs associated with such new technologies.

Technological breakthroughs in our industry or innovations in alternative sources of bio-based chemicals could reduce demand for our products. Our technologies and products may be rendered uneconomical by technological advances, more efficient and cost-effective biocatalysts or entirely different approaches developed by one or more of our competitors. If we are unable to adopt or incorporate technological advances or adapt our products to be competitive with new technologies, our costs could be significantly higher than those of our competitors, which could make our facilities and technology less competitive or uncompetitive.

Changes we make to our business model, product development and manufacturing process, or changes to our commercial partnerships and collaborations may not yield the benefits we expect and may have adverse impacts that we did not anticipate.

We are continually working to lower our operating costs, improve our product performance, increase our speed to market and access new markets. As a result, we have made and will continue to make changes we believe will accomplish these goals. For example, we transitioned from an E. coli organism to our yeast for our Sarnia facility operations. In addition, we have expanded the breadth of products we are seeking to commercialize, and entered into a number of early stage partnerships and collaborations related to those products, that we believe will significantly increase our accessible market. We can give no assurances that these and other changes we make will yield the benefits we expect and will not have adverse impacts that we did not anticipate. If these changes are not successful, we may incur additional costs, experience reputational and competitive harm and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We are dependent on our relationships with strategic partners, licensors, collaborators and other third parties for research and development, the funding, construction and operation of our manufacturing facilities and the commercialization of our products. The failure to manage these relationships could delay or prevent us from developing and commercializing our products.

 

We have built our business largely by forming technology partnerships and licensing and other relationships with market leaders in the industrial biotechnology and chemicals industries. For example, through an exclusive worldwide license from Cargill, we have developed a next-generation yeast microorganism. In addition, we have developed a proprietary purification process that we believe will provide a key cost differentiator to our competitors by reducing the cost profile of our products and the capital intensity of our plants. We have also entered into license agreements with Davy for the conversion of succinic acid to BDO and THF. We expect that our ability to maintain and manage these collaborations will be significant factors in the success of our business.

 

Also, we expect that our ability to maintain and manage partnerships for the funding, construction and operation of our manufacturing facilities will be a significant factor in the success of our business.

 

We entered into a joint venture agreement with Mitsui for the financing and construction of our facility in Sarnia, Ontario. We began commissioning and start-up in March 2015, achieved mechanical completion in June 2015 and started commercial scale production in October 2015. Our joint venture with Mitsui also contemplates the potential construction and operation of an additional facility, which we expect to build and commission in late 2020.  We may not be able to maintain our partnership with Mitsui if it decides to exercise certain rights granted to it in our joint venture agreement.   In the event of an occurrence of a dissolution event under the agreement prior to December 31, 2020, Mitsui has the right to sell its shares and we have the obligation to purchase those shares at 100% of the investment value. The remaining dissolution events giving Mitsui this right are: (i) cumulative losses accrued from 2016 through 2020 exceeding 75% of paid-in capital, (ii) no after-tax profit earned in any three consecutive years from 2016 onwards, and (iii) any act of insolvency, bankruptcy, or similar event. Until December 31, 2018, Mitsui in its sole discretion may sell its shares and we must purchase those shares at a discount of 50% to the cumulative investment value.  In addition, we intend to leverage Mitsui’s global sales platform for the commercialization of our products, and such commercialization efforts may be adversely affected if we are unable to maintain our relationship with Mitsui.

 

We are working with strategic partners and collaborators through whom we either own or license the technology needed to develop new specialty chemical products. We will rely on these partners to commercialize our products and the success of these relationships will impact the market opportunity and demand for our products across our target end-markets.

 

Our partnering or collaboration opportunities could be harmed and our anticipated timelines could be delayed if:

 

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If any of these events occur, or if we fail to maintain our agreements with our strategic partners and collaborators, we may not be able to commercialize our existing and future products, further develop our business or generate sufficient revenues to support our operations. Additionally, our business could be negatively impacted if any of our industry partners undergo a change of control or assign the rights or obligations under any of our agreements.

 

Our operations are dependent upon certain raw materials and utilities, principally sugars, hydrogen, steam and electricity, which make us vulnerable to supply availability and price fluctuations.

We are vulnerable to the supply availability and price fluctuations of certain raw materials and utilities, principally sugars, hydrogen (in the production of BDO and THF), steam and electricity. In some cases, we do not have long-term supply agreements in place, which may result in supply problems in the future. Our operations may also be adversely impacted by the failure of our suppliers to follow specific protocols and procedures or comply with applicable regulations, equipment malfunctions and environmental factors, any of which could delay or impede their ability to meet our demand. Our reliance on third-party suppliers also subjects us to other risks that could harm our business, including that:

In the event one or more of our suppliers are unable to meet our supply demands, we may not be able to quickly replace them or find adequate supply from a different source. Any interruption or delay in the supply of sugars, hydrogen, steam or electricity, or our inability to obtain these raw materials and utilities from alternate sources at acceptable prices in a timely manner, could impair our ability to meet the demands of our customers and expand our operations, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, the variable cost of our bio-succinic acid is based significantly on the price of sugars, which can be derived from corn (which we currently principally rely on), wheat, cane or other feedstocks. Fluctuations in the commodity prices of sugars or other inputs required in our production processes may reduce our profit margins, especially if we do not have long-term contracts for the sale of our output at fixed or predictable prices. The price and availability of sugars or other inputs may be influenced by factors outside of our control, including general economic, market and regulatory factors.

Our failure to successfully introduce improved organisms and feedstocks into our processes could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We intend to introduce improved organisms into our processes and are working to increase our conversion yields, feedstock flexibility, manufacturing efficiency and product range through our research and development efforts and strategic partnerships. We may not, however, succeed in ramping up our yeast technology in Sarnia for a number of reasons, including our inability to adapt our

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purification process for our yeast, the failure of our yeast to produce products that meet the quality standards of our customers and a higher than expected production cost as a result of using our yeast. We plan to use our yeast in future facilities, but the implementation may not be as seamless as we expect, and our yeast may require different operating conditions or otherwise differ from our expectations and design.

If we are unable to manage our growth and expand our operations successfully, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be harmed.

We have significantly expanded our business since our inception and have grown to 86 full-time employees as of December 31, 2016. We currently conduct our business in several countries, including the United States, Europe and Canada, and we may continue to expand geographically in the future. We expect our growth to continue and accelerate in connection with our expansion strategy. As our operations continue to expand, we will need to continue to manage multiple locations and additional relationships with various third parties. We may not be able to maintain or accelerate our current growth rate, manage our expanding operations effectively or achieve planned growth on a timely or profitable basis. Managing our anticipated growth and expanding our operations will require us to do, among other things, the following:

•effectively scale our operations, including successfully constructing future manufacturing facilities;

•maintain, defend and grow our intellectual property portfolio.

These enhancements and improvements will require significant capital expenditures and allocation of valuable management and employee resources, which will place a strain on our operational, financial and management infrastructure. Our future financial performance and our ability to execute on our business plan will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth and expansion. There are no guarantees we will be able to do so in an efficient or timely manner, or at all. Our failure to effectively manage growth and expansion could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have entered into certain non-binding letters of intent, memoranda of understanding and other arrangements with future customers and others, and cannot assure you that such arrangements will lead to definitive agreements, which could harm our commercial prospects. Even if we do enter into definitive agreements, the rights and obligations of the parties may be modified in the future.

We have entered into non-binding letters of intent, memoranda of understanding and other arrangements with future customers and others. We have also entered several non-binding memoranda of understanding with third parties related to our product development efforts. We cannot assure you that we will be able to negotiate final terms and enter into definitive agreements with any of our future customers or others in a timely manner, or at all, and there is no guarantee that the terms of any final, definitive, binding agreement will be favorable to us or reflect the terms currently contemplated under the letters of intent, memoranda of understanding and other arrangements we have. Delays in negotiating final, definitive, binding agreements could slow the development and commercialization of the products in our pipeline, which could prevent us from growing our business, result in wasted resources and cause us to consume capital significantly faster than we currently anticipate.

We have signed a binding 15-year offtake agreement for 1,4 BDO and THF with Vinmar, under which Vinmar has committed to purchase 100% of the BDO and THF produced in our next plant, a 100,000 MT per year capacity plant that we plan to build in North America and commission by 2020. Vinmar also plans to invest in the BDO plant alongside us. Following the financing, construction and commissioning of the 100,000 MT BDO and THF plant, Vinmar will be obligated to purchase 100% of the BDO and THF

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produced there for 15 years, and we will be obligated to sell exclusively to Vinmar. As part of the agreement, Vinmar has a right of first refusal to invest in and secure 100% of the offtake from a second BDO plant that we would build in the future. While this agreement is binding, our inability to finance and construct the BDO plant would relieve Vinmar of its obligation to purchase BDO and THF under the terms of the offtake agreement. On December 22, 2016, we entered into an amendment to this offtake agreement with Vinmar for 1,4 BDO and THF extended the deadline for achieving the financial close to December 31, 2018.  We have signed a second offtake agreement in July 2014 with Vinmar that covers our next plant, which will have an annual nameplate capacity of 70,000 MT per year of bio-succinic acid, with Vinmar committed to off-taking 50,000 MT of the bio-succinic acid produced there for 15 years.  Vinmar has also committed to offtake 150,000 MT of the production from our third plant, which has a planned nameplate capacity of 200,000 MT per year. On December 22, 2016, we entered into an amendment to this offtake agreement for bio-succinic acid, which terminated the portion of the offtake agreement related to our Sarnia facility in connection with entering into our non-binding letter of intent with CJCJ, pursuant to which such termination is a requirement of the definitive agreements contemplated by the non-binding letter of intent. In addition, our joint venture partner Mitsui has taken a more active role in the commercialization of bio-succinic acid in Asia following the amendment of our joint venture agreement with Mitsui in the spring of 2016. Mitsui has informed us, and we believe, that the continuation of the Vinmar arrangement has resulted in channel conflict and presented difficulty for Mitsui to develop the market for bio-succinic acid in Asia in parallel with Vinmar’s efforts. We believe that such channel conflict would be exacerbated as CJCJ begins to sell bio-succinic acid in China and Korea as part of its pre-marketing efforts for our proposed China joint venture.  In our original agreement, the second and third bio-succinic acid plants had December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2019 deadlines respectively for achieving a financial close. The amendment extended the deadlines for achieving the financial close of the second and third plants to December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The amendment also removed the predefined production volume and offtake for the second and third bio-succinic acid plants. Vinmar and BioAmber must now agree to the bio-succinic acid capacity and offtake volume of plants two and three, taking into account global supply and demand dynamics. The failure of the parties to agree would allow either party to terminate the portion of the offtake agreement related to the plant in question.

We expect to enter into collective bargaining with the employees of our BioAmber Sarnia joint venture, and the results of this process are uncertain.

Following an application for certification recently received and a vote recently held, it is expected that the employees of BioAmber Sarnia Inc., our joint venture with Mitsui and the owner of our Sarnia facility, will be unionized in the province of Ontario, Canada, subject to the negotiation and execution of a collective bargaining agreement between BioAmber Sarnia Inc. and the union having filed the application for certification. We may commence negotiations of a collective bargaining agreement in the near future. Any labor-related work stoppage by unionized employees, or employees who become unionized in the future, could limit our ability to operate our business and could increase costs. Any significant increase in labor costs, deterioration of employee relations, slowdowns or work stoppages at our Sarnia facility, whether due to union activities, employee turnover or otherwise, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to meet the product specification requirements of our customers or that our products will be accepted by our target customers.

We are currently selling our bio-succinic acid to customers today after having met their quality, purity, performance and cost requirements and intend to sell our product to other customers in the chemicals industry. These sales were made in connection with our product and market development efforts. We also intend to expand our market reach with the new products that we are developing as alternatives to the chemicals currently in use. Our potential customers include large specialty chemical companies that have well-developed manufacturing processes for the chemicals they use or pre-existing arrangements with suppliers for the chemical components they need. These potential customers frequently impose lengthy and complex product qualification procedures on their suppliers during which time they test and certify our products for use in their processes and, in some cases, determine whether products that contain the chemicals produced using our processes satisfy additional third-party specifications. Meeting these suitability standards could be a time-consuming and expensive process and we may invest substantial time and resources into such qualification efforts without ultimately securing approval by our customers. If we are unable to convince our potential customers that our products are equivalents of or comparable to the chemicals that they currently use or that using our products is otherwise beneficial to them, we will not be successful in expanding our market and our business will be adversely affected.

In addition, agreements for the sale and purchase of our products are customarily subject to the satisfaction of certain technical, commercial and production requirements. These agreements contain conditions that we and our counterparties agree on product specifications for our chemical products and that our products conform to those specifications. If we do not satisfy these contractual requirements, demand for our products and our reputation may be adversely affected.

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 If the recent decline in the price of petroleum and petroleum-based succinic acid and other chemicals continues, the gross margins and or the demand for our products may decrease.

The bio-succinic acid we produce is a renewable alternative to petroleum-based succinic acid. Based on our current financial modeling with respect to our facility in Sarnia, Ontario, we anticipate that if the price of oil falls below $30 per barrel for a sustained period of time and corn prices are above $4.00 per bushel, the resulting selling price of our succinic acid would result in lower gross margins and we may be unable to compete on cost with petroleum-based succinic acid products, which would adversely impact our operating results. World prices for oil have fluctuated widely in recent years. For example, during the last five years the market price per barrel of West Texas Intermediate crude oil ranged from a low of $26.21 to a high of $112.93 and was $52.63 on January 30, 2017. In addition, recently, oil prices have declined significantly. From January 2, 2015 through January 30, 2017, the West Texas Intermediate posted oil price had declined from a high of $61.43 per barrel of oil to a low of $26.21 per barrel of oil. We expect that prices will continue to fluctuate, and may continue to decline in the future. Declining oil prices, or the perception of a future decline in oil prices, may adversely affect the prices we can obtain from our potential customers, dissuade potential customers from entering into agreements with us to buy our products, and delay or modify our expansion and investment strategies or those of our collaborators.   In addition, a sustained drop in oil prices will reduce the price of certain petrochemicals, making it uneconomical to produce them from our bio-based succinic acid feedstock.  These include the production of butadiene and N-vinyl pyrrolidone, which are not economical when oil prices are below $50 to $70 per barrel.  A sustained period of oil prices at or below $30 per barrel could also make it uneconomical to sell bio-succinic acid at the same market price as petroleum-derived adipic acid, thereby slowing the substitution of adipic acid in polyurethane and coatings markets.

For example, the significant decline in global oil prices over the past 24 months has moderately reversed a shift in recent years from naphtha cracking to natural gas liquid cracking in certain geographies that historically resulted in increased volatility of the prices of petroleum-derived C4 chemicals for which we produce and intend to produce bio-based alternatives.  As a result, this reversal may lead to less demand for our bio-based products.  Additionally, the significant slowdown in oil and gas drilling operations in North America has led us to believe that n-vinyl-pyrrolidone, or NVP, for which we have established a collaboration with a specialty chemicals company, will not be a near-term market opportunity for our succinic acid.

The addressable market sizes we believe exists for bio-succinic acid and the products we plan to sell in the future are based on management’s estimates and third-party information, and the actual market sizes may be smaller that we believe.

Management’s estimates of the addressable market sizes are based on industry reports from 2008 through today, pricing information in the industry reports and from ICIS pricing, publicly available information and management’s estimates of what portion of the total market size may be addressable through bio-succinic acid. In many cases, such information and reports differ among sources as to addressable market sizes.  While we believe that management’s estimates and these sources are reliable, there may be significant differences in actual market size compared to the information presented.

If the addressable markets for bio-succinic acid and the products we plan to sell in the future are smaller than we expect, then it may be more difficult for us to achieve our business plan and to attain profitability and meet our expectations with respect to cash flow.

Some of our competitors have significantly more experience and resources than we do and technology developed by our competitors could become more commercially successful than our technology, which could negatively impact our results of operations and market share.

Competition in the bio-based chemicals business from other chemicals companies is well established, with many substantial entities having well-financed multi-national operations. Our products will compete against those produced by established companies, including a collaborative venture between DSM and Roquette Frères S.A., as well as a collaborative venture between BASF and Corbion. Competition in the bio-based chemicals business is expanding with the growth of the industry and the evolution of new technologies. In addition to competing with new technologies, we also compete against traditional petroleum-derived chemicals, many of which are produced by large companies that have greater financial and other resources than we do. Larger companies, due to their better capitalization, will be better-positioned to develop and commercialize new technologies, build new production facilities and install existing or more advanced equipment, which could reduce our market share and harm our business. In addition, our products could face competition from those produced by early stage companies, such as Genomatica Inc. and Myriant Corporation. Our ability to compete successfully will depend on our ability to deploy and operate our technologies and cost effectively produce renewable alternatives to petroleum-based chemicals. Some of our competitors are developing new technologies that may be more successful than our technology. These competitors may also have substantially greater production, financial, research and development, personnel and marketing resources than we do or may benefit from local government programs and incentives that are not available to us. As a result, our competitors may be able to compete more aggressively and sustain that competition over a longer period of time

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than we could. Our technologies and products may be rendered less competitive by technological advances or entirely different approaches developed by one or more of our competitors. As more companies develop new intellectual property in our markets, the possibility increases of a competitor acquiring patent or other rights that may limit our products or potential markets, which could lead to litigation. In addition, we may be subject to aggressive competitive tactics from our competitors, who may use their strong positions in the market and established relationships with existing suppliers and customers to take measures that negatively affect our ability to compete effectively in this industry. Our inability to maintain our competitiveness and grow our market share may, adversely affect our results of operations and financial position, and prevent us from achieving or maintaining profitability.

Failure to obtain regulatory approvals or permits could adversely affect our operations.

While our business currently has all necessary operating approvals material to our current facility in Sarnia, we will need to obtain and maintain numerous regulatory approvals and permits in order to operate our planned manufacturing facilities. In any given jurisdiction, new legislation could be implemented that would require additional or new regulatory approvals. Obtaining necessary approvals and permits could be a time-consuming and expensive process, and we may not be able to obtain them on a timely basis or at all. In the event that we fail to ultimately obtain all necessary permits, we may be forced to delay operations of the facility and the receipt of related revenues or abandon the project altogether and lose the benefit of any development costs already incurred, which would have an adverse effect on our results of operations. In addition, governmental regulatory requirements may substantially increase our construction costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. If there is a delay in obtaining any required regulatory approvals or if we fail to obtain and comply with any required regulatory approvals, the operation of our facilities or the sale of our bio-based chemicals could be delayed. For example, many countries require registration of chemicals before they can be distributed in the country, and a failure to register our chemicals would limit our ability to expedite sales into these markets. In addition, we may be required to make capital expenditures on an ongoing basis to comply with increasingly stringent federal, state, provincial and local environmental, health and safety laws, regulations and permits. We could also experience delays in obtaining approval for the sale of our waste streams as nutrients for animal feed, which would hinder our ability to reduce our cost of goods by restricting our ability to turn a disposal cost into a source of revenue.

We face risks associated with our international business.

We have completed building and are currently operating a manufacturing facility in Sarnia, Ontario, and we plan to build and operate additional manufacturing facilities in the future. Our international business operations are subject to a variety of risks, including:

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We expect that we will begin expanding into other target markets, however there can be no assurance that our expansion plans will be realized, or if realized, be successful. We expect each market to have particular regulatory, feedstock sourcing and funding hurdles to overcome and future developments in these markets, including the uncertainty relating to governmental policies and regulations, could have a material adverse effect on us. If we expend significant time and resources on expansion plans that fail or are delayed, our business, reputation and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

Natural or man-made disasters, political, social or economic instability, or occurrence of a catastrophic or disruptive event in any of the areas where our existing or planned manufacturing facilities are located may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We plan to build and operate manufacturing facilities strategically located throughout the world near sources of feedstock and our target markets. The operation of facilities may be harmed by natural or man-made disasters, including, without limitation, earthquakes, floods, tornadoes, fires, tsunamis, epidemics and nuclear disasters. Our facilities and the manufacturing equipment we use would be very costly to replace and could require substantial lead time to repair or replace. In addition, telecommunications failures or other systems interruptions, such as computer viruses or other cyber-attacks, at any of the locations in which we do business could significantly disrupt our operations, laboratory processes and delay shipments to our customers. Even in the absence of direct damage to our operations, large disasters, terrorist attacks, systems failures or other events could have a significant impact on our partners’ and customers’ businesses, which in turn could result in a negative impact on our results of operations. Extensive or multiple disruptions in our operations, or our partners’ or customers’ businesses, due to natural disasters or other unanticipated catastrophes could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

In the event any of our facilities are affected by a disaster, we may:

Our precautions to safeguard our facilities, including insurance and health and safety protocols, may not be adequate to cover our losses in any particular case. Although we possess insurance for damage to our property and the disruption of our business from casualties, this insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of our potential losses and may not continue to be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. Moreover, our facilities may experience unscheduled downtime or may not otherwise operate as planned or expected, which could have adverse consequences on our business and results of operations.

We may incur significant costs complying with environmental laws and regulations, and failure to comply with these laws and regulations could expose us to significant liabilities.

We use biological materials and genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, in our production processes and are subject to a variety of federal, state, and local laws and regulations governing the use, generation, manufacture and disposal of these materials. For example, the TSCA and analogous state laws and regulations impose requirements on the production, importation, use and disposal of chemicals and GMOs in the United States. In Canada, similar regulatory programs exist under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act. In particular, a regulatory program similar to TSCA requires that Environment Canada approve the manufacture of any chemical not already included on the Domestic Substances List, or DSL. We have secured approval from Environment Canada for our use of yeast in the manufacture of our bio-based succinic acid and the derivatives of succinic acid that we plan to commercialize.  If Environment Canada requires our future C6-based products to undergo extensive testing, which we currently do not anticipate, securing approval to manufacture such products could potentially be subject to significant delays or costs. In the European Union, we are subject to the REACH chemical regulatory program known. Under REACH, we are required to register our products with the European Commission. The registration process requires the submission of information to demonstrate the safety of chemicals as used and could result in significant costs or delay the manufacture or sale of our products in the European Union.

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We obtained requisite regulatory approvals for the use of our yeast in Canada. Although we have implemented safety procedures for the disposal of yeast and waste products to comply with these laws and regulations, we cannot be sure that our safety measures are compliant or capable of eliminating the risk of accidental injury or contamination from the use, generation, manufacture, or disposal of hazardous materials. In the event of contamination or injury, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our insurance coverage. There can be no assurance that violations of environmental, health and safety laws will not occur as a result of human error, accident, equipment failure or other causes.

Compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations may be expensive, and the failure to comply with past, present or future laws could result in the imposition of fines, regulatory oversight costs, third party property damage, product liability and personal injury claims, investigation and remediation costs, the suspension of production, or a cessation of operations, and our liability may exceed our total assets. We expect to encounter similar laws and regulations in most if not all of the countries in which we may seek to establish production capabilities, and the scope and nature of these regulations will likely be different from country to country. Environmental laws could become more stringent over time, requiring us to change our operations, or imposing greater compliance costs and increasing risks and penalties associated with violations, which could impair our research, development or production efforts and harm our business. Similarly, our business may be harmed if initiatives to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, which tend to improve the competitiveness of our products relative to petrochemicals, do not become legally enforceable requirements, or if existing legally enforceable requirements relating to greenhouse gases are amended or repealed in the future. The costs of complying with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations and any claims concerning noncompliance, or liability with respect to contamination in the future could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or operating results.

We use hazardous materials in our business and any claims relating to improper handling, storage or disposal of these materials or noncompliance with applicable laws and regulations could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We use chemicals and biological materials in our business and are subject to a variety of federal, regional/state, provincial and local laws and regulations governing the use, generation, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of these materials. Although we have implemented safety procedures for handling and disposing of these materials and waste products, we cannot be sure that our safety measures are compliant with legal requirements or adequate to eliminate the risk of accidental injury or contamination. In the event of contamination or injury, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our insurance coverage. There can be no assurance that we will not violate environmental, health and safety laws as a result of human error, accident, equipment failure or other causes. Compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations is expensive and time consuming, and the failure to comply with past, present, or future laws could result in the imposition of fines, third-party property damage, product liability and personal injury claims, investigation and remediation costs, the suspension of production, or a cessation of operations. Our liability in such an event may exceed our total assets. Liability under environmental laws can be joint and several and without regard to comparative fault. Environmental laws could become more stringent over time, imposing greater compliance costs and increasing risks and penalties associated with violations, which could impair our research, development or production efforts and harm our business. Accordingly, violations of present and future environmental laws could restrict our ability to expand facilities, or pursue certain technologies, and could require us to acquire equipment or incur potentially significant costs to comply with environmental regulations.

Loss of key personnel or our inability to attract and retain additional key personnel could harm our research and development efforts, delay launch of new products and impair our ability to meet our business objectives.

Our business involves complex operations spanning a variety of disciplines that demands a management team and employee workforce that is knowledgeable in the many areas necessary for our operations. While we have been successful in attracting experienced, skilled professionals to our company, the loss of any key member of our management team or key research and development or operational employees, or the failure to attract and retain additional such employees, could slow our development and commercialization of our products for our target markets and executing our business plans. For example, on February 17, 2017, Jean-Francois Huc, our then Chief Executive Officer and President resigned from such positions. Over the years, we have been dependent upon Mr. Huc’s leadership, experience in the global chemistry industry and understanding of our company. While Mr. Huc will remain on our board of directors, no assurances can be made that the resignation of Mr. Huc will not have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, we may not be able to attract or retain qualified employees due to the intense competition for qualified personnel among biotechnology and other technology-based businesses and the scarcity of personnel with the qualifications or experience necessary for our business. Hiring, training and successfully integrating qualified personnel into our operation is a lengthy and expensive process. The market for qualified personnel is very competitive because of the limited number of people available with the necessary technical skills and understanding of our technology and anticipated products. If we are not able to attract and retain the necessary personnel to accomplish our business objectives, we may experience staffing constraints that will adversely affect our ability to support our internal research and development programs or satisfy customer demands for our products. In particular, our

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product development and research and development programs are dependent on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled scientific, technical and operational personnel. Competition for such personnel from numerous companies and academic and other research institutions may limit our ability to do so on acceptable terms, or at all. Substantially all of our employees are at-will employees, which means that either the employee or we may terminate their employment at any time.

In the ordinary course of business, we may become subject to lawsuits or indemnity claims, including those related to product liability, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

From time to time, we may, in the ordinary course of business, be named as a defendant in lawsuits, claims and other legal proceedings. These actions may seek, among other things, compensation for alleged personal injury, worker’s compensation, employment discrimination, breach of contract, infringement of the intellectual property rights of others, property damages or civil penalties and other losses of injunctive or declaratory relief. In the event that such actions or indemnities are ultimately resolved unfavorably at amounts exceeding our accrued liability, or at material amounts, the outcome could materially and adversely affect our reputation, business and results of operations.

In addition, payments of significant amounts, even if reserved, could adversely affect our liquidity position. In addition, the development, production and sale of our products involve an inherent risk of product liability claims and the associated adverse publicity. Our products may contain undetected defects or impurities that are not discovered until after the products have been used by customers and incorporated into products for end-users. This could result in claims from our customers or others, which could damage our business and reputation and entail significant costs to correct. We may also be sued for defects resulting from errors of our commercial partners or unrelated third parties, but any product liability claim brought against us, regardless of its merit, could result in material expense, divert management’s attention and harm our business and reputation. Insurance coverage is expensive, may be difficult to obtain or not available on acceptable terms and may not adequately cover potential claims or losses. If claims or losses exceed our liability insurance coverage, we may go out of business. In addition, insurance coverage may become more expensive, which would harm our results of operations.

Adverse conditions in the global economy and disruption of financial markets may prevent the successful development and commercialization of our products, as well as significantly harm our results of operations and ability to generate revenue and become profitable.

We are subject to the risks arising from adverse changes in global economic and market conditions. The worldwide economy has been experiencing significant economic turbulence, including uncertainty in international trade environment following the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union and the 2016 U.S. elections, and global credit and capital markets have experienced substantial volatility and disruption. These adverse conditions and general concerns about the fundamental soundness of domestic and international economies could limit our partners’ or potential partners’ ability or willingness to invest in new technologies or capital. Moreover, these economic and market conditions could negatively impact our current and prospective customers’ ability or desire to purchase and pay for our products, or negatively impact our feedstock prices and other operating costs or the prices for our products. Changes in governmental banking, monetary and fiscal policies to address liquidity and increase credit availability may not be effective. Significant government investment and allocation of resources to assist the economic recovery of various sectors which do not include the bio-based chemical industry may reduce the resources available for government grants and related funding that could assist our expansion plans or otherwise benefit us. Any one of these events, and continuation or further deterioration of these financial and macroeconomic conditions, could prevent the successful and timely development and commercialization of our products, as well as significantly harm our results of operations and ability to generate revenue and become profitable.

If we engage in any acquisitions, we will incur a variety of costs and face numerous potential risks that could adversely affect our business and operations.

If appropriate opportunities become available, we may acquire additional businesses, assets, technologies, or products to enhance our business in the future. In connection with any future acquisitions, we could:

Acquisitions involve numerous risks, including problems integrating the purchased operations, technologies or products, unanticipated costs and other liabilities, diversion of management’s attention from our core businesses, adverse effects on existing

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business relationships with current and/or prospective collaborators, customers and/or suppliers, risks associated with entering markets in which we have no or limited prior experience and potential loss of key employees. We do not have experience in managing the integration process and we may not be able to successfully integrate any businesses, assets, products, technologies or personnel that we might acquire in the future without a significant expenditure of operating, financial and management resources, if at all. The integration process could divert management time from focusing on operating our business, result in a decline in employee morale and cause retention issues to arise from changes in compensation, reporting relationships, future prospects or the direction of the business. Acquisitions may also require us to record goodwill and non-amortizable intangible assets that will be subject to impairment testing on a regular basis and potential periodic impairment charges, incur amortization expenses related to certain intangible assets, and incur large and immediate write offs and restructuring and other related expenses, all of which could harm our operating results and financial condition. In addition, we may acquire companies that have insufficient internal financial controls, which could impair our ability to integrate the acquired company and adversely impact our financial reporting. If we fail in our integration efforts with respect to any of our acquisitions and are unable to efficiently operate as a combined organization, our business and financial condition may be adversely affected.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations.

We are subject to income taxes in the United States and Canada. We have incurred significant losses and have only generated taxable income in Canada. As of December 31, 2016, we had approximately $27.6 million of net operating loss carryforwards (or NOLs) in Canada.  As of December 31, 2016, we had approximately $135.3 million of U.S. federal tax NOLs. Each jurisdiction in which we operate may have its own limitations on our ability to utilize NOL or tax credit carryovers generated in that jurisdiction. Also, we generally cannot utilize NOLs or tax credits generated in one jurisdiction to reduce our liability for taxes in any other jurisdiction. Accordingly, we may be subject to tax liabilities in certain jurisdictions in which we operate notwithstanding the existence of NOLs or tax credits in other jurisdictions. In general, under Section 382 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” (as defined in Section 382 of the Code) is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-change NOLs to offset future taxable income. We have not performed a detailed analysis to determine whether an ownership change has occurred after each of our previous issuances of common stock and warrants. In addition, if we undergo an ownership change as a result of any offerings that we may undertake, our ability to utilize NOLs could be limited by Section 382 of the Code. Future changes in our stock ownership, some of which are outside of our control, could result in an ownership change. We have a full valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets.

Ethical, legal and social concerns about genetically engineered products and processes, and similar concerns about feedstocks grown on land that could be used for food production, could limit or prevent the use of our products, processes and technologies and limit our revenues.

Some of our processes involve the use of genetically modified organisms, or GMOs. The use of GMOs is subject to laws and regulations in many countries, some of which are new and some of which are still evolving. In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency regulates the commercial use of GMOs as well as potential products from the GMOs. Public attitudes about the safety and environmental hazards of, and ethical concerns over, genetic research and GMOs could influence public acceptance of our technology and products.

While our yeast has been approved for use in Canada and has been given the lowest classification in terms of risk, our ability to commercialize our products in the future could be impacted by the following factors:

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Any of the risks discussed below could result in increased expenses, delays or other impediments to our programs or the public acceptance and commercialization of products and processes dependent on our technologies or inventions. In addition, the subjects of genetically engineered organisms and food versus fuel have received negative publicity, which has aroused public debate. This adverse publicity could lead to greater regulation and trade restrictions on imports of genetically engineered products or feedstocks grown on land suitable for food production.

We identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016 and as of September 30, 2015 and we may identify additional material weaknesses in the future that may cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations or result in material misstatements of our financial statements. If we fail to remediate any material weaknesses or if we otherwise fail to establish and maintain effective control over financial reporting, our ability to accurately and timely report our financial results could be adversely affected.

In connection with the preparation of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016 and our condensed consolidated financial statements for the quarter ended September 30, 2015, we identified a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting.  A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

The material weakness identified in our internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2015 was in the inappropriate review process of non-routine complex financial instruments that may have embedded derivatives or other provisions that may have complex accounting impacts, and resulted in an error in the accounting treatment of the Legacy Warrants. To remediate the material weakness described above, specific actions were implemented including: improving processes and implementing additional controls around review of new complex financial instruments to identify appropriate accounting treatment and monitoring implication thereafter, and strengthening management’s review controls. Based on the actions taken by the management, we successfully completed the assessment necessary to conclude that the previously identified and disclosed material weakness has been remediated as of March 31, 2016.

 

The material weakness identified in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016 was related to accounting for non-routine or complex transactions, which resulted in an error in the accounting treatment of a complex revenue recognition transaction and in an inadequate financial statements disclosure. Our review process for the accounting treatment for non-routine or complex transactions allowed these errors to go undetected, and management has assessed the potential magnitude and concluded that this represents a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, but did not result in a material misstatement in our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016. We have taken certain actions to begin remediating this material weakness including the initiation of the process for the retention of an accounting firm to provide technical consulting services with respect to complex accounting issues.  However, we cannot assure our shareholders that these measures will be sufficient to remediate the material weakness that has been identified or prevent future material weaknesses or significant deficiencies from occurring.

We also cannot assure you that we have identified all of our existing material weaknesses. Our independent registered public accounting firm has not performed an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting during any period in accordance with the provisions of Sarbanes Oxley. In light of the control deficiencies and the resulting material weakness that were previously identified as a result of the limited procedures performed, we believe that it is possible that, had our independent registered public accounting firm performed an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the provisions of the Sarbanes Oxley, additional material weaknesses and significant control deficiencies may have been identified.

If we identify future material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting or fail to meet the demands that will be placed upon us as a public company, including the requirements of Sarbanes Oxley, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results, or report them within the timeframes required by law or stock exchange regulations. Under Section 404, we are required to evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and, beginning with the annual report for the year ended December 31, 2018 (or such earlier date if we cease to be an emerging growth company) if we are not a smaller reporting company as of such time, we may not comply with the auditor attestation requirements on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Failure to comply with Section 404 could also potentially subject us to sanctions or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities. We cannot assure that additional material weaknesses will not exist or otherwise be discovered, any of which could adversely affect our reputation, financial condition and results of operations.

 

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We have incurred and will continue to incur significant increased costs as a result of operating as a public company and our management is required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives.

As a public company and particularly after we cease to be an “emerging growth company” (and cease to take advantage of certain exceptions from reporting requirements that are available under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, as an “emerging growth company”), we incurred and will incur significant legal, accounting, administrative and other costs and expenses that we did not face as a private company. As a public company, we are subject to rules and regulations that regulate corporate governance practices of public companies, including the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and rules promulgated by the NYSE. The compliance with these public company requirements increased and will increase our costs and make some activities more time consuming and may result in a diversion of management’s time and attention from revenue-generating activities. For example, we created new board committees, adopted new internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures, and devoted significant management resources to our SEC reporting requirements. A number of those requirements will require us to carry out activities we have not performed previously. Furthermore, if we are unable to maintain our internal controls and accounting capabilities or subsequently identify any issues in complying with those requirements (for example, if we or our registered public accounting firm identify a material weakness or significant deficiency in our internal control over financial reporting), such as that identified in connection with the preparation of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016, we could incur additional costs rectifying those issues, and the existence of those issues could adversely affect us, our reputation or investor perceptions of us. The additional reporting and other obligations imposed on us by these rules and regulations have increased our legal and financial compliance costs and the costs of our related legal, accounting and administrative activities significantly. These increased costs required and will continue to require us to divert a significant amount of money that we could otherwise use to expand our business and achieve our strategic objectives.

We are an “emerging growth company” and have elected to take advantage of reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies, which could make our securities less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company”, as defined in the JOBS Act, and we have elected to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved, and delaying the adoption of new or revised accounting standards until they are applicable to private companies. As a result of our election to use the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for companies that comply with public company effective dates. We cannot predict if investors will find our securities less attractive as a result of our choice to rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our securities less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our securities and the market price of our securities may be more volatile.

We will remain an “emerging growth company” for up to five years after our initial public offering, or until the earliest of (i) the last day of the first fiscal year in which our annual gross revenues exceed $1 billion, (ii) the date that we become a “large accelerated filer” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter, or (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt during the preceding three year period.

If we fail to augment and maintain an effective system of internal controls, we might not be able to report our financial results accurately or prevent fraud. In that case, our stockholders could lose confidence in our financial reporting, which would harm our business and could negatively impact the price of our securities.

Our management is required to deliver a report that assesses the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Additionally, Section 404 may require our auditors to deliver an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting in conjunction with their opinion on our audited financial statements beginning with the second annual report that we will be required to file with the SEC. However, we have elected to take advantage of certain exceptions from reporting requirements that are available to “emerging growth companies” under the JOBS Act and therefore we will not be required to make our first annual assessment of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 until after the date we are no longer an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act, which may be up to five years from our initial public offering.

The process of designing and implementing effective internal controls and procedures, and expanding our internal accounting capabilities, is a continuous effort that requires us to anticipate and react to changes in our business and the economic and regulatory

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environments and to expend significant resources to establish and maintain a system of internal controls that is adequate to satisfy our reporting obligations as a public company. The standards that must be met for management to assess the internal control over financial reporting as effective are complex, and require significant documentation, testing and possible remediation to meet the detailed standards. We cannot be certain at this time whether we will be able to successfully complete the implementation of controls and procedures or the certification and attestation requirements of Section 404. In connection with the preparation of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016, we identified a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting that, if not corrected, could result in a material misstatement in our financial statements.  See “—We identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016 and as of September 30, 2015 and we may identify additional material weaknesses in the future that may cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations or result in material misstatements of our financial statements. If we fail to remediate any material weaknesses or if we otherwise fail to establish and maintain effective control over financial reporting, our ability to accurately and timely report our financial results could be adversely affected.” In the future we may have significant deficiencies, which could cause us to fail to meet the periodic reporting obligations that we will be subject to under Section 404 or result in material misstatements in our financial statements. If we identify and report a material weakness or any additional significant deficiencies, it could adversely affect our stock price.

If securities or industry research analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about our business or if they issue unfavorable commentary or downgrade our common stock, the market price of our securities and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our securities relies in part on the research and reports that securities and industry research analysts publish about us, our industry and our business. We cannot assure you that any research analysts will continue to provide research coverage on us or our securities. We do not have any control over these analysts. The market price of our securities and trading volumes could decline if one or more securities or industry analysts downgrade our securities, issue unfavorable commentary about us, our industry or our business, cease to cover our company or fail to regularly publish reports about us, our industry or our business.

 Our financial results could vary significantly from quarter to quarter and are difficult to predict.

Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly in the future. As a result of these fluctuations, we may fail to meet or exceed the expectations of research analysts covering our company or of investors, which could cause the market price of our securities to decline. Future quarterly fluctuations, many of which are beyond our control, may result from a number of factors, including but not limited to:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Based on the above factors and other uncertainties, we believe our future operating results will vary significantly from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year. As a result, quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year comparisons of operating results are not necessarily meaningful nor do they indicate what our future performance will be.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

Our inability to adequately protect, or any loss of our intellectual property rights, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our success will depend, in part, upon our ability to maintain patents and other intellectual property rights to protect our products from competition. We rely principally on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws, confidentiality agreements, and physical security measures to establish and protect the intellectual property rights relevant to our business. We own or have rights in issued patents and pending patent applications in the United States and in certain other jurisdictions. These patents and patent applications cover various aspects of our technologies, including the microorganism (biocatalyst) we use in our fermentation processes, methods of producing our products, and the use of our products in specific applications. In addition, we generally enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees, consultants, contractors, collaboration partners and scientific and other business advisers. These measures, which seek to protect our intellectual property from infringement, misappropriation or other violation, may not be effective for various reasons, including the following:

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Our patent rights may not protect us against competition.

An important part of our business strategy is to obtain patent protection in the United States and in other countries for patent applications that we own or in-license from others that cover certain technologies used in, or relating to, our products and processes. Interpreting the scope and validity of patents and success in prosecuting patent applications involves complex legal and factual questions, and the issuance, scope, validity, and enforceability of a patent cannot be predicted with any certainty. Patents issued or licensed to us may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented. Moreover, third parties could practice our inventions in secret and/or in territories where we do not have patent protection. Such third parties may then try to sell or import resulting products in and into the United States or other territories. We may be unable to prove that such products were made using our inventions or infringed our intellectual property rights. Additional uncertainty may result from recent changes in the U.S. patent laws under the Leahy-Smith Act, which was signed into law on September 16, 2011, and from legal precedent handed down by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, the U.S. Supreme Court and the courts of other countries, as they determine legal issues relating to the scope, validity and construction of patent claims. The Leahy-Smith Act includes a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law, including provisions that affect the way patent applications will be prosecuted, and may also affect patent litigation. The USPTO has issued regulations and procedures to govern administration of the Leahy-Smith Act, but many of the substantive changes to patent law associated with the Leahy-Smith Act have only recently become effective. Accordingly, it is not clear what, if any, impact the Leahy-Smith Act will have on the operation of our business.

In addition, because patent applications in the United States and in many foreign jurisdictions typically are not published until 18 months after filing, if at all, and because the publication of discoveries in the scientific literature often lags behind the actual discoveries, there is additional uncertainty as to the priority dates of our inventions compared to inventions by others, and uncertainty as to the patentability of the claims in our pending patent applications and the validity and enforceability of claims in our issued patents. Accordingly, we cannot be certain that any of our or our licensors’ patent applications will result in issued patents, or if issued, the validity and/or enforceability of the issued patents. Also, we cannot guarantee that a competing patent application will not be granted with claims that cover our proposed organism or processes, or that our or our licensors’ patent applications or patents will not be subject to an interference proceeding with a competing patent or patent application.

Moreover, we cannot be sure that any of our or our licensors’ patent rights will be broad enough in scope to provide commercial advantage and prevent circumvention. Furthermore, patents are enforceable only for a limited term, and some of the U.S. patents that we have in-licensed exclusively relating to our biocatalyst have started to expire in 2015.

We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or the patents of our licensors, or lawsuits asserted by a third party, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful.

The success of our business is highly dependent on protecting our intellectual property rights. Unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain and use our products and/or technology. Policing the unauthorized use of our intellectual property rights is difficult, expensive, time-consuming and unpredictable, as is enforcing these rights against unauthorized use by others. Identifying unauthorized use of our intellectual property rights is difficult because we may be unable to monitor the processes and/or materials being employed by other parties. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a patent of ours or our licensors may be found invalid, unenforceable, anti-competitive or not infringed. An adverse result in any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and could put our patent applications at risk of not issuing.

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Third parties may challenge our or our licensors’ patents via reexamination proceedings or inter partes review in the United States, opposition or cancellation proceedings in Europe, or similar proceedings in other jurisdictions. The outcome of these proceedings can be unpredictable and may result in the claims being substantially narrowed or cancelled altogether. As a result of changes in U.S. patent law under the Leahy-Smith Act, any U.S. patent that we or our licensors obtain having an effective filing date on or after March 16, 2013 could be challenged by a third party using the new post-grant review process, which could result in the claims of the challenged patents being narrowed or even cancelled. Furthermore, in the United States, patents with an effective filing date prior to March 16, 2013 are awarded to the first person to make an invention rather than to the first person to file a patent application, and therefore such patents could be subject to an interference proceeding conducted by the USPTO to determine which party was the first to create an invention. As result, interference proceedings provoked by third parties or brought by the USPTO may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions with respect to our patents or patent applications or those of our collaborators or licensors. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights from the prevailing party. As a result, our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms. Litigation or interference proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may take several years to resolve, result in substantial costs, and distract our management and other employees, and otherwise interfere with the running of our business. We may be unable to prevent, alone or with our licensors, infringement or misappropriation of our proprietary rights, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect those rights as fully as in the United States. Furthermore, because of the amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation.

We may be unable to enforce our intellectual property rights throughout the world, which could negatively affect our rights, competitive position and business.

We may in the future decide to build, or partner with others in building manufacturing facilities using our technologies in countries other than the United States and Canada. We may not have sufficient patent or other intellectual property rights in those countries to prevent a competitor from using our or competing technologies. Furthermore, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal, state and provincial laws in the United States and Canada. Many companies have encountered problems in protecting and enforcing intellectual property rights in certain foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection. This could make it difficult for us or our licensors to prevent or stop any infringement of our or our licensors’ patents or misappropriation of the subject matter of our other proprietary or intellectual property rights. Proceedings to enforce our and our licensors’ patents and other proprietary rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights in such countries may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or in-license.

We may be unable to operate our business without infringing the intellectual property rights of others, which could subject us to costly litigation or prevent us from offering certain products which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Although we are currently unaware of any claims or threatened claims, our ability to manufacture and commercialize our proposed technologies, processes and products depends upon our and our licensors’ ability to develop, manufacture, market, license and/or sell such technologies, processes and products without violating the proprietary rights of third parties. Numerous U.S. and foreign patents and pending patent applications owned by third parties exist in fields that relate to our proposed technologies, processes and products and our underlying methodologies and discoveries. In addition, many companies actively police and enforce their intellectual property rights, including their patent rights, to gain a competitive advantage. Third parties may allege that our existing or proposed technologies, processes and products or our methods infringe their intellectual property rights. It is possible that the number and frequency of lawsuits alleging infringement of intellectual property rights may increase as the number of products and competitors in our market increases. In addition, to the extent that we gain greater visibility and market exposure as a public company, we face a greater risk of being the subject of intellectual property infringement claims. We cannot be certain that the conduct of our business does not and will not infringe intellectual property or other proprietary rights of others. If the making, using, selling, offering for sale or importing of our proposed products or practice of our proprietary technologies or processes are found to infringe third party intellectual property rights, including patent rights, we could be prohibited from manufacturing and commercializing the infringing technology, process or product unless we obtain a license under the applicable third party patent and pay royalties or are able to design around such patent. Securing rights to such third party intellectual property, or securing non-enforcement commitments from such third parties, could result in the payment of additional royalty fees in the form of one-time payments and/or running royalties, which would negatively impact our net margins.

We may be unable to obtain a license on terms acceptable to us, if at all, and we may be unable to redesign our products, biocatalysts or processes to avoid infringement. Even if we are able to redesign our products, biocatalysts or processes to avoid an infringement claim, our efforts to design around the patent could require significant effort and expense and ultimately may lead to an inferior or more costly product and/or process. Any claim of infringement by a third party, even one without merit, could cause us to

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incur substantial costs defending against the claim, could distract our management and employees, and generally interfere with our business. Furthermore, if any such claim is successful, a court could order us to pay substantial damages, including compensatory damages for any infringement, plus prejudgment interest and could, in addition, treble the compensatory damages and award attorney fees. These damages could be substantial and could harm our reputation, business, financial condition and operating results. A court also could enter orders that temporarily, preliminarily or permanently prohibit us, our licensees and our customers from making, using, selling, offering to sell or importing one or more of our products or practicing our proprietary technologies or processes, or could enter an order requiring us to undertake certain remedial activities. Any of these events could seriously harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

We also rely in part on trade secret laws, confidentiality agreements, and security procedures, which can be difficult to protect and enforce, and which may not adequately prevent disclosures of trade secrets and other proprietary information; our failure to obtain or maintain such protections could adversely affect our competitive position.

We rely in part on trade secret laws and contractual agreements to protect some of our confidential and proprietary information, technology and processes, particularly where we do not believe patent protection is appropriate or obtainable. We have taken various measures to protect our trade secrets and other confidential or proprietary information, including requiring new employees and consultants to execute confidentiality agreements upon the commencement of employment or consulting engagement with us. However, trade secrets are difficult to maintain and protect and our security procedures may be insufficient to prevent disclosure of our trade secrets. In addition, discussions with our business partners, including our licensors, may require us to share confidential and proprietary information with them and other third parties. Our business partners’ employees, consultants, contractors or scientific and other business advisers may unintentionally or willfully breach their confidentiality and/or non-use obligations, including by disclosing our confidential or proprietary information to our competitors. Such agreements may be deemed unenforceable, fail to provide adequate remedies, or become subject to disputes that may not be resolved in our favor. Enforcement of claims that a third party has illegally obtained and is using trade secrets is expensive, time consuming and uncertain. In addition, foreign courts are sometimes less willing than U.S. courts to protect trade secrets. Our failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection could adversely affect our competitive business position. Furthermore, trade secret laws do not prevent our competitors from independently developing equivalent knowledge, methods and know-how that could be used to compete with us and our products.

We may lose our competitive advantage if our competitors develop similar, analogous or alternative organisms that produce bio-succinic acid or other competing chemical products.

We currently use proprietary microorganisms (biocatalysts) in our production of bio-succinic acid and other cellular metabolites such as C6 compounds. If our organisms are stolen, or misappropriated, they could be used by third parties for their own commercial gain, even though they may be in breach of our intellectual property rights. Furthermore, third parties may use similar or analogous organisms in jurisdictions where we or our licensors do not have patent protection. Third parties may also independently develop similar, analogous or alternative organisms that can also produce bio-succinic acid or other metabolites without infringing our intellectual property rights. If any of these were to occur, it could be difficult for us to discover, challenge or prevent the third party from using their organisms and competing with us in the production of bio-succinic acid or other metabolites.

Our rights to key intellectual property are in-licensed from third parties, and the limitation or termination of these and related agreements would be highly detrimental to us and our business.

We are a party to certain license agreements that provide us with the right to practice key technology used in our business. For example, we have entered into license agreements with Cargill for our yeast to produce bio-succinic acid, Davy for catalysts and methods for converting our bio-succinic acid into bio-based 1,4 BDO and Celexion for a metabolic pathway to make C6 compounds, such as adipic acid. All of these license agreements impose various obligations on us, including royalty payments and, in certain instances, milestone payments. If we fail to comply with these or other obligations, certain agreements provide that the licensors may have the right to terminate the license or convert the exclusive license to a nonexclusive license, in which case our competitors may gain access to these important licensed technologies, and we may be unable to develop or market products, technologies or processes covered by the licensed intellectual property. Often our licensors have the right to control the filing, prosecution, maintenance and defense of the licensed intellectual property and, if a third party infringes any of the licensed intellectual property, some of our licensors may control the resulting legal or other proceeding against that third party to stop or prevent such infringement. As a result, our licensors may take actions or make decisions relating to these matters that could harm our business or impact our rights.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

Our stock price has been and could remain volatile, which could further adversely affect the market price of our stock, our ability to raise additional capital and/or cause us to be subject to securities class action litigation.

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The market price of our common stock has historically experienced and may continue to experience significant volatility. Between June 10, 2013 (the date our common stock commenced trading) and December 31, 2016, the sales price of our common stock fluctuated from a high of $15.29 per share to a low of $2.86, and on January 30, 2017, the closing sale price of our common stock was $3.72 per share. Our start of commercial operations of our Sarnia facility, our ability to commence commercial sales and execute on our commercial expansion plan, our quarterly operating results, our perceived prospects, changes in securities analysts’ recommendations or earnings estimates and our ability to meet such estimates, changes in general conditions in the economy or the financial markets, adverse events related to our strategic relationships, significant sales of our common stock by existing stockholders, and other developments affecting us or our competitors could cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate substantially. In addition, in recent years, the stock market has experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. This volatility has affected the market prices of securities issued by many companies for reasons unrelated to their operating performance and may adversely affect the price of our common stock. Such market price volatility could adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital. In addition, securities class action litigation as a result of volatility in the price of our common stock, which could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention and resources and could harm our stock price, business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition.

The market price of our common stock may be adversely affected by market conditions affecting the stock markets in general, including price and trading fluctuations on the NYSE.

Market conditions may result in volatility in the level of, and fluctuations in, market prices of stocks generally and, in turn, our common stock and sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the market, in each case being unrelated or disproportionate to changes in our operating performance. Concerns over global stability and economic conditions in the United States and abroad have contributed to the extreme volatility of the markets which may have an effect on the market price of our common stock.

Future sales of common stock or warrants by existing stockholders could cause our stock price to decline.

If our existing stockholders sell, or indicate an intent to sell, substantial amounts of our common stock or warrants in the public market the trading price of our common stock or warrants could decline significantly. We cannot predict the effect, if any, that future public sales of these securities or the availability of these securities for sale will have on the market and trading price of our securities. If our existing stockholders sell substantial amounts of our common stock or warrants in the public market, or if the public perceives that such sales could occur, this could have an adverse impact on the market and trading price of our securities, even if there is no relationship between such sales and the performance of our business.

In the future, we may sell additional shares of our common stock to raise capital or issue stock in connection with acquisitions. In addition, a substantial number of shares of our common stock are reserved for issuance upon the exercise of warrants, stock options and the vesting of restricted stock awards. We cannot predict the size of future issuances or the effect, if any, that they may have on the market price for our common stock. The issuance and sale of substantial amounts of common stock, or the perception that such issuances and sales may occur, could adversely affect the market and trading price of our common stock and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities.

Our Legacy Warrants and IPO Warrants contain anti-dilution adjustment mechanisms that may be triggered by issuances of equity by us at prices below the then-prevailing exercise prices for such warrants.

All of the IPO Warrants and the Legacy Warrants that we issued in June 2009 and April 2011 contain anti-dilution protection in the event that we issue any common stock, securities convertible into common stock, or other securities at a price below the then-existing exercise price of such warrants, with certain exceptions. The anti-dilution protection contains a price adjustment and an adjustment to the number of shares issuable upon exercise of such warrants.  This anti-dilution protection was triggered in connection with our underwritten public offerings in 2015 and in 2016. The issuance of additional securities in connection with the adjustment to the exercise price of such warrants could result in further dilution to our stockholders.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to receive the proceeds from our issuance of warrants in our December 2016 offering as of any date or at all.

In our December 2016 offering, we issued warrants to purchase up to 2,224,199 shares of our common stock that resulted in net proceeds of approximately $8.5 million. The subscription proceeds paid in respect of the warrants were placed in escrow and will be released in accordance with the terms of the warrants.

Each warrant that we issued in our December 2016 offering entitles the holder thereof to receive the number of shares of common stock for which such holder subscribes, which we refer to as the Underlying Shares, on the exercise or deemed exercise of

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the warrant. The warrants offered in our December 2016 offering are exercisable by the holders thereof at any time following their issuance in whole or in part for no additional consideration and all unexercised warrants shall be deemed to be exercised on the third business day after the date, which we refer to as the Qualification Date, on which (i) our common stock is accepted for listing on either the Toronto Stock Exchange or the TSX Venture Exchange and (ii) we shall have qualified a prospectus from at least the Canadian provincial securities regulator in that jurisdiction in which the initial holder of the warrant is resident. Immediately upon the exercise or deemed exercise of a warrant, the subscription proceeds paid in respect thereof will be released from escrow to us. If the Qualification Date does not occur on or before the 120th day following the date of issuance of the warrants, which is April 28, 2017, then the subscription amount in respect of each warrant that has not been exercised by such time shall be refunded to the purchasers thereof and the warrants shall become null and void and shall no longer entitle the holders thereof to acquire any shares of common stock.

We cannot assure you that either (i) our common stock will be accepted for listing on either the Toronto Stock Exchange or the TSX Venture Exchange or (ii) we shall have qualified a prospectus from at least the Canadian provincial securities regulator in that jurisdiction in which the initial holder of the warrant is resident, by the 120th day following the issuance date of the warrants. The satisfaction and timing of these conditions are determined by third parties, including the Toronto Stock Exchange or TSX Venture Exchange and Canadian provincial securities regulators, and are beyond our control. If we do not receive the proceeds from the issuance of the warrants in our December 2016 offering in a timely manner or at all, our cash position and financial condition will be materially and adversely affected.

Provisions of Delaware law and our charter documents could delay or prevent an acquisition of our company and could make it more difficult for you to change management.

Provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated by-laws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. These provisions may also prevent or delay attempts by stockholders to replace or remove our current management or members of our board of directors. These provisions include:

The affirmative vote of the holders of not less than 75% of our shares of capital stock entitled to vote, and not less than 75% of the outstanding shares of each class entitled to vote thereon as a class, is generally necessary to amend or repeal the above provisions that are contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation. Also, absent approval of our board of directors, our amended and restated by-laws may only be amended or repealed by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 75% of our shares of capital stock entitled to vote.

In addition, we are subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which limits business combination transactions with stockholders of 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock that our board of directors has not approved. These provisions and other similar provisions make it more difficult for stockholders or potential acquirers to acquire us without negotiation. These provisions may apply even if some stockholders may consider the transaction beneficial to them.

As a result, these provisions could limit the price that investors are willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock. These provisions might also discourage a potential acquisition proposal or tender offer, even if the acquisition proposal or tender offer is at a premium over the then current market price for our common stock.

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We do not intend to pay cash dividends. We have never paid dividends on our capital stock and we do not anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future. Consequently, any gains from an investment in our securities will likely depend on whether the price of our common stock increases.

We have not paid dividends on any of our capital stock to date and we currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future. Consequently, in the foreseeable future, you will likely only experience a gain from your investment in our securities if the price of our common stock increases.

The warrants sold as part of our initial public offering may not have any value, and the holders of those warrants will have no rights as common stockholders until such holders exercise their warrants and acquire our common stock.

The warrants sold as part of our initial public offering will expire at 5:30 p.m. on May 9, 2017 unless we in our sole discretion extend the expiration date. In the event our common stock price does not exceed the exercise price of the warrants during the period when the warrants are exercisable, the warrants may not have any value. Until holders of warrants acquire shares of our common stock upon exercise of the warrants, holders of warrants will have no rights with respect to the shares of our common stock underlying such warrants. Upon exercise of the warrants, the holders thereof will be entitled to exercise the rights of a common stockholder only as to matters for which the record date occurs after the exercise date.

 

 

None.

We have offices in St. Paul, Minnesota, Montreal, Canada and Sarnia, Canada.

Our St. Paul research and development facility consists of approximately 3,000 square feet of office and laboratory space, including a state of the art research and development facility with capabilities in molecular biology, fermentation, analytical chemistry, pilot scale catalysis and purification. We lease this space under an agreement that expires on May 20, 2018.

Our head office is located in Montreal, where we occupy a total of approximately 6,786 square feet of administrative office space under a lease that expires in May 2022. We have the option to extend the term of the lease for an additional five-year period.

We are in commercial operation at our production facility in Sarnia, Ontario, with a nameplate capacity of 30,000 MT of bio-succinic acid per year. Our joint venture entity with Mitsui has purchased 11.25 acres of land for this facility, and has signed long-term steam and services agreements with Arlanxeo (former LANXESS) to serve the facility.

We believe that our current facilities are suitable and adequate to meet our short term needs.

From time to time, we may be subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of our business activities. Management does not believe that the outcome of these claims will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows based on the status of proceedings at this time. We are not currently a party to any material litigation or other material legal proceedings.

Not applicable.

 

 

 

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PART II

Our securities have been traded on the New York Stock Exchange, or NYSE, since June 10, 2013, when the units issued in our initial public offering on May 9, 2013 (trading under the symbol “BIOA.U”) were split into our common stock, trading under the symbol “BIOA” and our warrants, trading under the symbol “BIOA.WS”. In connection with the initiation of the separate trading of our common and warrants, the trading of the units were suspended and delisted from NYSE. Prior our initial public offering, there was no public market for our securities. The following table shows the high and low sale prices per share of our securities as reported on the NYSE for the periods indicated:

 

On March 8, 2017, the last reported sale price for our common stock on the NYSE was $3.38 per share, and the last reported sale price for our warrants was $0.13 per warrant.

Equity Compensation Plans

The information required by Item 5 of Form 10-K regarding equity compensation is incorporated herein by reference to Item 12 of Part III of this Annual Report.

Dividend Policy

We have never paid or declared any cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain any cash flow to finance the growth and development of our business, and we do not expect to pay any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Payment of future dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, restrictions contained in current or future financing instruments and other factors our board of directors deems relevant. In addition, our credit facility contains covenants limiting our ability to pay dividends on our capital stock.

Stockholders

As of March 11, 2017, there were approximately 100 holders of record of our common stock (not including beneficial holders of stock held in street name) and one holder of record of our publicly traded warrants.

 

Sales of Unregistered Securities

 

During the year ended December 31, 2016, we issued an aggregate of 62,230 shares of common stock pursuant to the exercise of unregistered warrants to acquire common stock, pursuant to which exercise we received an aggregate of $66,690.  The issuance of the shares was exempt from registration by virtue of Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

 

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer or Affiliated Purchasers

There were no repurchases of shares of common stock made during the year ended December 31, 2016.

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The following selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”, the consolidated financial statements and related notes, and other financial information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We derived the consolidated financial data for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 and as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 from our audited consolidated financial statements, which are included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We derived the consolidated financial data for the year ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 and as of December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 from financial statements which are not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected in future periods.

 

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(2) In the third quarter of 2015, we reclassified the legacy warrants from stockholders’ equity to liability, with changes in fair value recorded as non-cash financial charges (income) in our consolidated statements of operations and the impact from previous years recorded retrospectively to accumulated deficit. The reclassification was to correct the misapplication of an accounting principle in the third quarter of 2015 and to record the impact from previous years retrospectively. The Company assessed the impact of this adjustment in previous years to be immaterial.

 

 

 

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The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in “Risk Factors.”

Additional Information

Our investors and others should note that we announce material financial and other information using our company website (www.bio-amber.com), our investor relations website (investor.bio-amber.com), SEC filings, press releases, public conference calls and webcasts. In addition, our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 are available free of charge through the investor relations page of our internet website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission. Alternatively, these reports may be accessed at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.  Information about BioAmber, its business, and its results of operations may also be announced by posts on the following social media channels

—     BioAmber’s Twitter feed (https://twitter.com/bioamber)

— BioAmber’s Facebook feed (https://www.facebook.com/bioamber)

— BioAmber’s LinkedIn feed (https://goo.gl/YhtwRZ)

— BioAmber’s Google+ feed (https://plus.google.com/+BioamberInc/posts)

— BioAmber’s youtube feed (www.youtube.com/user/BioAmber)

The information that we post on these social media channels could be deemed to be material information. As a result, we encourage investors, the media, and others interested in BioAmber to review the information that we post on these social media channels. These channels may be updated from time to time on BioAmber’s investor relations website.

The information that we post on these social media channels could be deemed to be material information. As a result, we encourage investors, the media, and others interested in BioAmber to review the information that we post on these social media channels. These channels may be updated from time to time on BioAmber’s investor relations website.

Overview

We are an industrial biotechnology company producing renewable chemicals. Our proprietary technology platform combines industrial biotechnology and chemical catalysis to convert biobased feedstocks into renewable chemicals that are cost-competitive replacements for petroleum-derived chemicals and are used in a wide variety of everyday products including plastics, resins, paints, food additives and personal care products. We currently sell our first product, bio-succinic acid, to customers in a variety of chemical markets. We produce bio-succinic acid at our facility in Sarnia, Ontario, pursuant to a joint venture agreement with Mitsui.

Succinic acid can be used to manufacture a wide variety of products used every day, including plastics, food additives and personal care products, and can also be used as a building block for a number of derivative chemicals. We believe that our low-cost production capability and our development of bio-succinic derived products including 1,4 BDO and THF, which are used to produce polyesters, plastics, spandex and other products, will provide us with access to a more than US$8 billion market opportunity.

Prior to the completion of our Sarnia facility, we manufactured our bio-succinic acid at a large-scale demonstration facility in Pomacle, France for five years, under a toll manufacturing arrangement pursuant to which we compensated a third party, including for labor costs and the cost of producing our product. We shipped commercial quantities to customers, such as shipments of one ton super sacks and container loads. We and our customers used the products produced at the facility as part of our efforts to validate and optimize our process and to continue to refine and improve our bio-succinic acid to meet our customers’ specifications. In preparation for transitioning our production from our Pomacle facility to our Sarnia facility, we accumulated a reserve inventory of our product, which was produced at a higher cost per MT of succinic acid than that expected cost of production at our Sarnia facility.

We are working to expand our accessible markets and product portfolio. We have entered into strategic relationships with several leading companies, such as our multi-year agreements with PTTMCC Biochem for bio-succinic acid and Vinmar for bio-succinic acid, 1,4 BDO and THF. We have also entered into agreements with other companies for the supply of bio-succinic acid.

We have entered into technology partnerships to lower our production costs, expand our product portfolio and broaden our biochemical production platform. For example, we entered into a technology partnership with Cargill, Inc., or Cargill, through which

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we exclusively license a proprietary yeast organism for use in our fermentation process to produce our products. We refer to the yeast organism that we have licensed from Cargill as “our yeast.” We have also established other technology licenses and collaborations, including with Johnson Matthey Davy Technologies, or Davy, for the conversion of our succinic acid into 1,4 BDO and THF.

Our business strategy is to leverage the value of our technology by building and operating production facilities around the world. Depending on our access to capital and third-party demand for our technology, we may also enter into technology licenses on an opportunistic basis.

We have entered into a joint venture agreement with Mitsui & Co. Ltd. for our facility in Sarnia, Ontario, which has a nameplate capacity of 30,000 metric tons of bio-succinic acid per year. We started commercial scale production at our Sarnia facility in October 2015 and ramp-up to full production capacity is expected by 2018.

 

On May 9, 2013, we raised net proceeds of $71.7 million from the initial public offering of our equity securities. In July 2014, we completed a secondary public offering and issued 3,220,000 shares of common stock, at a public offering price of $12.00 per share, for a total of approximately $36.0 million in net proceeds, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and expenses payable by us. On May 6, 2015, we completed the closing of a secondary public offering and issued 3,900,000 shares of common stock, at an offering price to the public of $9.00 per share, for a total of approximately $32.8 million in net proceeds, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and expenses payable by us. On January 21, 2016, we completed the closing of a follow-on public offering and issued 2,600,000 shares of common stock, at an offering price to the public of $5.00 per share, for a total of approximately $11.9 million in net proceeds, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and expenses payable by us.

On December 29, 2016, we completed the closing of another follow-on public offering and issued 1,748,750 shares of common stock, at an offering price to the public of $4.00 per share. In addition, in connection with this offering, we issued the Special Warrant at an issue price of $8,896,796. On the same date, we issued a special warrant to purchase an aggregate of 2,224,199 shares of common stock, for a total of $4.00 per underlying share. The gross proceeds of $8.9 million, before commission and expenses payable by us is held in escrow until our TSX listing which is required within the 120 days term of the warrants.

On January 27, 2017, we completed the closing of a follow-on public offering and issued 3,684,212 shares of common stock, together with warrants to purchase up to 1,842,106 shares of common stock with an initial exercise price of $5.50 per share of common stock (the “2017 Warrants”), at a public offering price of $4.75 per fixed combination consisting of one share of common stock and associated 2017 Warrant to purchase one-half share of common stock.  We also granted the Underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to an additional 552,632 shares of common stock and/or 2017 Warrants to purchase 276,316 shares of common stock at the public offering price, which they exercised in full on January 27, 2017. We estimate the net proceeds from this offering (including the exercise in full of the option to purchase additional shares and 2017 Warrants, but assuming no exercise of the 2017 Warrants) to be approximately $18.6 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

Sarnia Facility

Our first commercial-scale facility is on land we own and is located within a bio-industrial park in Sarnia, Ontario. The site is co-located in a large petrochemical hub with existing infrastructure that facilitates access to utilities and certain raw materials and finished product shipment, including steam, electricity, cooling water and water treatment. The facility has a nameplate capacity of 30,000 MTs of bio-succinic acid per year and we started commercial scale production in October 2015.

The plant has received ISO 9001 (for its quality management system), ISO 14001 (for its environmental management system, OHSAS 18001 (for its health and safety management system) and FSSC 22000 certification (for its food safety management system).  These certifications were granted by accredited certification bodies following audits of the Sarnia plant in the fourth quarter of 2015.

In November 2011, we entered into a joint venture agreement with Mitsui to finance and build and operate our facility in Sarnia, Ontario through BioAmber Sarnia, a joint venture 70% owned by us and 30% owned by Mitsui. On February 15, 2016, we, together with our subsidiaries BioAmber International and BioAmber Sarnia, entered into Second Amended JV Agreement with Mitsui pursuant to which Mitsui provided BioAmber Sarnia an additional capital contribution for an aggregate amount of CAD$25 million, which increased Mitsui’s share ownership to approximately 40%. We have retained effective operational control of BioAmber Sarnia.

The total construction cost of our facility in Sarnia was approximately $141.5 million, funded through capital contributions from us and from Mitsui, and interest free and low-interest loans and governmental grants.

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Additional Planned Manufacturing Facilities

We plan to build a second integrated manufacturing facility that will have to produce approximately 200,000 MTs per year of bio-succinic acid and then transform a majority of the bio-succinic acid into 70,000 MTs per year of bio-based 1,4 BDO and 24,000 MTs per year of THF, along with 60,000 MTs per year of crystalline succinic acid. We have signed a 15 year offtake agreement with Vinmar for 100% of the BDO and THF output. We have also signed an offtake agreement with Vinmar for a portion of the biobased succinic acid production.  The annual volume of the offtake agreement will be agreed between the parties prior to the financial close of the plant. Vinmar plans to take a 10% equity stake in the plant. We are actively seeking other minority equity partners for this facility, as well as government support in the form of low interest loans or loan guarantees.

Based on current estimates and assumptions, we expect this second North American manufacturing facility to have construction costs of approximately $500 million, and the plant would be in operation by 2020 assuming we achieved a financial close in late 2017.  We are seeking to finance 70% of the capital cost through project level debt.  In the fall of 2016 we announced an important milestone in our application for a $360 million loan guarantee from the U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE).  The U.S. DOE’s Loan Program Office (LPO) administers a four phase process under the Title XVII Innovative Clean Energy Projects loan guarantee program.  This program finances innovative renewable energy and efficient energy projects.  We had successfully completed the first two phases of the process and were selected for the next phase in which we have engaged the LPO in the negotiation of terms and conditions of the potential loan guarantee, and we have been working with the LPO to validate the engineering, environmental, market and financial information that we had submitted in the previous phases.  We have also been engaged with Canadian federal and provincial agencies in a similar process to secure low interest loans to build the plant in Sarnia Ontario, rather than the U.S.

 

We have also signed a non-binding letter of intent with CJ CheilJedang (“CJCJ”).  Under the terms of the agreement, we plan to establish a joint venture with CJCJ in China to produce up to 36,000 metric tons of bio-succinic acid annually and sell the output in Asia.  CJCJ would incur all capital costs required to retrofit an existing fermentation facility in China, including the capital needed during commissioning and startup, and production would begin in Q1 2018.  CJCJ would own 65% of the joint venture and we would own 35%.  We belive this joint venture would allow us to rapidly and effectively penetrate the Chinese market for succinic acid.

Performance Drivers

We expect that the fundamental drivers of our results of operations going forward will be the following:

Commercialization of our products. We commenced recognizing revenue from sales of our existing bio-succinic acid product in 2011. Our ability to grow revenue from this product will be dependent on expanding the addressable market for succinic acid using our low-cost, bio-based alternative. We also expect to grow our revenue base by developing new value-added applications and derivative products. For example, we signed a supply agreement with PTTMCC Biochem in April 2014 for biodegradable plastics, and we have signed additional supply agreements in other new applications such as synthetic leather and other polyurethane applications, including coatings (polyurethane dispersions) made from bio-based succinic acid and recycled PET. We also plan to develop and commercialize derivatives of succinic acid, such as BDO and THF, and to target large and established chemical markets such as adipic acid, where succinic acid can partially substitute the incumbent chemical.

In April 2014, we entered into a three year supply agreement with PTTMCC Biochem, a joint venture between PTT Public Company Limited and Mitsubishi Chemical that was established to produce and sell polybutylene succinate, or PBS, a biodegradable plastic made from succinic acid and BDO. PTTMCC has constructed a PBS plant in Thailand and is currently ramping-up the plant production, which is expected to consume approximately 14,000 MTs of succinic acid per year at full capacity. This supply agreement provides that we will exclusively supply a minimum of 80% of PTTMCC Biochem’s total bio-succinic needs until the end of 2017, with approximately 50% of the total purchases under offtake terms.

We have also entered into several agreements and memoranda of understanding, or MOUs, that contemplate, but do not obligate, us to supply approximately 23,000 MTs of bio-succinic acid until the end of 2019 and, as we continue operation of our facility in Sarnia, Ontario, we are actively seeking to enter into definitive supply agreements and form new relationships with potential customers.

Our revenue for future periods will be impacted by our ability to develop new applications and the speed with which we are able to bring our succinic acid derivatives to market. To accelerate this process, we have developed our sales and marketing capability and entered into distribution and joint development agreements with strategic partners. On February 15, 2016, we, together with our subsidiaries BioAmber International and BioAmber Sarnia, entered into a second amended joint venture agreement with Mitsui pursuant to which Mitsui provided BioAmber Sarnia with additional capital contributions for an aggregate amount of CAD$25

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million, which increased Mitsui’s share ownership to approximately 40%.  We have retained effective operational control of BioAmber Sarnia.

We are also engaging in a collaborative process with our customers to test and optimize new applications and derivative products such as BDO and THF in order to ensure that they meet specifications in each of their potential applications. We continue to seek to establish supply agreements and distribution agreements with strategic customers as we expand our markets and product offerings.  For example, in October 2014, we entered into a five-year exclusive supply agreement with Xuchuan Chemicals, a global leader in polyester polyols, to supply bio-based succinic acid from our Sarnia facility to be used in manufacturing cast polyurethane elastomers. Xuchuan is initially launching polyurethane (PU) systems for cast polyurethane elastomers (CPU) made with bio-succinic acid. CPU is used in applications including automotive instruments, caster wheels, industrial and mining equipment, power tools, industrial tires, coating rolls, drive belts, mold makers and hoses. By replacing adipic acid with succinic acid, Xuchuan has produced CPUs that offer better properties: they are more abrasion/scratch resistant and more resistant to solvents. Other applications for our bio-based succinic acid include polyurethane elastomers and dispersions for shoe soles and synthetic leather.

Production capacity. Our ability to lower our production costs and drive customer adoption of our product is dependent on our manufacturing strategy. We expect to produce bio-succinic acid that is cost-competitive with succinic acid produced from oil priced as low as $30.00 per barrel. We expect to further reduce costs by implementing on-going process improvements. We intend to capitalize on our first-to-market advantage by rapidly expanding our production capacity and building additional facilities. Our results will be impacted by the speed with which we execute on this strategy, the capital costs and operating expenses of each of these facilities, and the price of oil and the impact it has on the price of petrochemicals our succinic acid substitutes.

Feedstock and other manufacturing input prices. We use sugars that can be derived from wheat, corn, sugar cane and other feedstocks. We intend to locate our facilities near readily available sources of sugars and other inputs, such as steam, electricity and hydrogen, in order to ensure reliable supply of cost-competitive feedstocks and utilities. While our process requires less sugar than most other renewable products and is therefore less vulnerable to sugar price increases relative to other bio-based processes, our margins will be affected by significant fluctuations in these required inputs.

Petroleum prices. We expect sales of our bio-based products to be impacted by the price of petroleum. In the event that petroleum prices increase, we may see increased demand for our products as chemical manufacturers seek lower-cost alternatives to petroleum-derived chemicals. Conversely, a long-term reduction in petroleum prices below $30.00 per barrel may result in our products being less competitive with petroleum-derived alternatives. In addition, oil prices may also impact the cost of certain feedstocks we use in our process, which may affect our operating profits.

Additional Recent Developments

SDTC Grant

During the three months ended September 30, 2016, we received the SDTC grant holdback payment of CAD$1,451,365 or $1,108,262 when converted into U.S. dollars as of September 30, 2016, following the achievement of the last SDTC milestone.

Bridging Loan

On September 9, 2016, we entered into a CAD$25 million demand non-revolving credit facility with Bridging Finance. The proceeds were used to repay in full the outstanding principal amount of our prior loan with TCP and the remainder is used to fund general corporate expenses. This loan was fully repaid on January 27, 2017. Refer to Item 8 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more details.

BDC Loan

On August 10, 2016, BioAmber Sarnia received the proceeds from its CAD$10 million loan between BDC and BioAmber Sarnia according to the binding letter of offer dated April 20, 2016.  The proceeds is used to fund the working capital of BioAmber Sarnia’s facility, repayable starting October 15, 2017 and continuing monthly until September 15, 2022.

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Mitsui Additional Capital Contribution

On February 15, 2016, we, together with our subsidiaries BioAmber International and BioAmber Sarnia, entered into a second amended joint venture agreement with Mitsui pursuant to which Mitsui agreed to provide BioAmber Sarnia with additional capital contributions for an aggregate amount of CAD$25 million, which increased Mitsui’s share ownership to approximately 40%. As a result of Mitsui’s additional capital contribution, BioAmber Sarnia agreed to increase the size of its board of directors from five to six members, and we and Mitsui have the right to designate three members each.  All BioAmber Sarnia board decisions have to be approved by the affirmative vote of a simple majority of the BioAmber Sarnia board members, except that with respect to the following matters, we, as the controlling shareholder of BioAmber Sarnia, have a deciding vote and have the right to make a final decision: (i) the approval and any amendment to any annual budget, including capital expenditures required to maintain the plant in operation, (ii) the hiring and termination of BioAmber Sarnia personnel and their compensation, and (iii) the execution of any raw material or utility supply agreements that are needed in the ordinary course of business.  We also agreed that in the event that Mitsui’s equity stake in BioAmber Sarnia increases to above 45% in the future, we would no longer have the deciding votes described in the preceding sentence. 

Public Offering of Common Stock

On January 21, 2016, we completed the closing of a follow-on public offering and issued 2,600,000 shares of common stock, at an offering price to the public of $5.00 per share. The gross aggregate proceeds from this secondary public offering were approximately $13.0 million, with net proceeds of approximately $11.9 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and expenses payable by us. This public offering also triggered a further adjustment to the exercise price of the outstanding IPO Warrants, from $9.00 per whole share of common stock to $5.00 per whole share of common stock. The exercise price of the 2011 Warrants and the warrants that we issued in June 2009 were also reduced following the completion of this public offering, from $10.11 per share and $5.74 per share, respectively, to $9.65 per share and $5.67 per share, respectively. An additional 4,713 warrants at an exercise price of $9.65 and an additional 2,580 warrants at an exercise price of $5.67 per share were issued following adjustments in the number of shares underlying the warrants that were triggered by this issuance.

On December 29, 2016, we completed the closing of a follow-on public offering and issued 1,748,750 shares of common stock, at an offering price to the public of $4.00 per share. In addition, in connection with this offering, we issued the Special Warrant at an issue price of $8,896,796 to purchase an aggregate of 2,224,199 shares of common stock, for a total of $4.00 per underlying share. The gross proceeds of $8.9 million, before commission and expenses payable by us is held in escrow until they are released in accordance with the terms of the warrants in connection with their exercise or deemed exercise. All unexercised warrants shall be deemed to be exercised on the third business day after the date, which we refer to as the Qualification Date, on which (i) our common stock is accepted for listing on either the Toronto Stock Exchange or the TSX Venture Exchange and (ii) we shall have qualified a prospectus from at least the Canadian provincial securities regulator in that jurisdiction in which the initial holder of the warrant is resident. Immediately upon the exercise or deemed exercise of a warrant, the subscription proceeds paid in respect thereof will be released from escrow to us. If the Qualification Date does not occur on or before the 120th day following the date of issuance of the warrants, which is April 28, 2017, then the subscription amount in respect of each warrant that has not been exercised by such time shall be refunded to the purchasers thereof and the warrants shall become null and void and shall no longer entitle the holders thereof to acquire any shares of common stock. The exercise price of the 2011 Warrants and the warrants that we issued in June 2009 were also reduced following the completion of this public offering, from $9.65 per share and $5.67 per share, respectively, to $8.97 per share and $5.47 per share, respectively. An additional 7,852 warrants at an exercise price of $8.97 and an additional 7,734 warrants at an exercise price of $5.47 per share were issued following adjustments in the number of shares underlying the warrants that were triggered by this issuance.

On January 27, 2017, we completed the closing of a follow-on public offering and issued 3,684,212 shares of common stock, together with warrants to purchase up to 1,842,106 shares of common stock with an initial exercise price of $5.50 per share of common stock (the “2017 Warrants”), at a public offering price of $4.75 per fixed combination consisting of one share of common stock and associated 2017 Warrant to purchase one-half share of common stock.  We also granted the Underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to an additional 552,632 shares of common stock and/or 2017 Warrants to purchase 276,316 shares of common stock at the public offering price, which they exercised in full on January 27, 2017. We estimate the net proceeds from this offering (including the exercise in full of the option to purchase additional shares and 2017 Warrants, but assuming no exercise of the 2017 Warrants) to be approximately $18.6 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

 

Financial Operations Overview

Revenue

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Revenue comprises the fair value of the consideration received or receivable for the sale of products and services in the ordinary course of our activities and is presented net of discounts.

We expect revenue to grow as our sales and marketing efforts continue and our facility in Sarnia, Ontario increases its volumes of commercial production. Most of our current sales are products from our Sarnia facility, with the remainder consisting of remaining inventory produced by our Pomacle facility before we terminated production there on December 31, 2014.

Cost of Goods Sold

For products manufactured in Pomacle, France, cost of goods sold consists of the cost to produce finished goods under our tolling arrangement that ended on December 31, 2014. For finished goods produced at Sarnia facility, cost of goods sold consists of costs directly associated with the finish goods production, such as direct materials, direct labor, utilities and certain logistics and plant overhead.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses consist of general and administrative expenses, research and development expenses, net, sales and marketing expenses, depreciation of property and equipment, amortization of intangible assets, write-offs of intangible assets and foreign exchange gains and losses.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist of personnel costs (salaries, and other personnel-related expenses, including stock-based compensation), recruitment and relocation expenses, accounting and legal fees, business travel expenses, rent and utilities for the administrative offices, web site design, press releases, membership fees, office supplies, corporate insurance programs, administration expenses related to our Sarnia facility, and other miscellaneous expenses.

We expect these expenses to increase in the future as we hire additional management, finance and administration employees to respond to a growing revenue base.

Research and Development Expenses, Net

Research and development expenses, net, consist primarily of fees paid for contract research and internal research costs in connection with the development, expansion and enhancement of our proprietary technology platform. These costs also include personnel costs (salaries and other personnel-related expenses, including stock-based compensation), expenses incurred in our facility located in St. Paul, Minnesota, laboratory supplies, research consultant costs, patent and trademark maintenance costs, royalties, professional and consulting fees and business travel expenses. It also includes development costs for bringing our Sarnia facility in line for production.

We expect to continue conducting research and development in-house, and recently moved in June 2016 from our 27,000 square foot facility in Plymouth, Minnesota to our new 3,000 square foot facility in St. Paul, Minnesota, to meet our actual research and development needs.  Certain research and development activities that can be performed more effectively by outside consultants will be performed with their respective expertise as required.

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel costs (salaries, and other personnel-related expenses, including stock-based compensation), marketing services, product development costs, advertising, selling and distributor costs and feasibility study fees.

Following our agreement signed with Mitsui in February 2016, we expect to decrease our sales and marketing efforts while leveraging Mitsui’s global sales platforms along with its dedicated commercial team.

Depreciation of Property and Equipment and Amortization of Intangible Assets

Depreciation of property and equipment consists primarily of the depreciation of our Sarnia production facility, machinery and equipment, office furniture, research and development equipment and computer equipment, which is depreciated using the straight-

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line method over their estimated useful lives. Amortization of intangible assets consists primarily of our definite-lived license and amortization of computer software and licenses, which are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. Depreciation of property and equipment increased significantly since our manufacturing facilities operations started. As of December 31, 2016, $19.6 million of net grants were applied as a reduction of machinery and equipment and building. This reduces depreciation expense over the useful life of the asset.

Foreign Exchange (Gain) Loss

We expect to conduct operations throughout the world. Our financial position and results of operations will be affected by economic conditions in countries where we plan to operate and by the changing foreign currency exchange rates. We are exposed to changes in exchange rates in Europe and Canada. The Euro and the Canadian Dollar are our most significant foreign currency exchange risks. A strengthening of the Euro and the Canadian Dollar against the U.S. Dollar may increase our revenues and expenses since they are expressed in U.S. Dollars. As we increase our production from our manufacturing facility in Sarnia, Ontario, we expect our foreign currency risk to continue as a significant portion of our uses of cash will be denominated in Canadian Dollars while our sources of cash will be primarily in U.S. Dollars and in Euros. We will monitor foreign currency exposures and will look to mitigate exposures through normal business operations such as manufacturing and selling in the same currencies where practical or buying required currencies at spot where advantageous. We may use forward contracts or currency swaps to mitigate any remaining exposures.

Amortization of Debt Discounts

Amortization of debt discounts consists primarily of costs from past financings that are recognized over the life of the funding instrument and will continue to increase in line with the expenses incurred to obtain future financing. Those costs are deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis, which is approximately the effective interest method, over the term of the related debt. Amortization of debt discounts also includes the accretion of the debt discount on the interest free or low-interest loans received from the government agencies.

Financial Charges (Income), Net

Financial charges (income), net, include interest on short-term and long-term debt, end of term accretion charge from the TCP loan, financing costs from warrants liability financing and the recognition of gains or losses resulting from the mark-to-market adjustment required at the balance sheet date on our IPO Warrants, 2009 Warrants and 2011 Warrants.

We account for common stock warrants in accordance with applicable accounting guidance provided in ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity, as either derivative liabilities or as equity instruments depending on the specific terms of the warrant agreement. Derivative warrant liabilities were valued using the Black-Scholes pricing model at the date of initial issuance and using the closing value as quoted on the NYSE at each subsequent balance sheet date. The 2009 Warrants and 2011 Warrants are valued using the Monte Carlo method.

Income Taxes

We are subject to income taxes in the United States and Canada. We have incurred significant losses and have only generated taxable income in Canada. In the future, we expect to become subject to taxation based on the statutory rates in effect in the countries in which we operate and our effective tax rate could fluctuate accordingly. We have incurred net losses since our inception and have not recorded any federal, state or foreign current income tax provisions, with the exception of (i) recognition of unrecognized tax benefits since inception, (ii) a recovery of income taxes in the 258 day period ended September 30, 2009, and (iii) recognition of current income taxes in Canada. We have a full valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets. Additionally, under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, our net operating loss carryforwards and tax credits may be limited if a cumulative change in ownership of more than 50% is deemed to have occurred within a three year period. We have not performed a detailed analysis to determine whether an ownership change under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code has occurred after each of our previous issuances of shares of common stock and warrants.

Equity Participation in Losses of Equity Method Investments

Equity participation in losses of equity method investments consist primarily of our share of losses incurred by AmberWorks LLC. We recognize our 50% share of losses incurred by AmberWorks LLC, a joint venture formed on February 15, 2012.

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Significant Accounting Policies and Estimates

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. As such, management is required to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions that it believes are reasonable based on the information available. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the periods presented. The significant estimates which management believes are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results include fair value determination of assets, liabilities and consideration paid or payable in connection with business acquisitions, contingent consideration, fair value of intangible assets and goodwill, useful lives of intangible assets, income taxes, stock-based compensation and the value of certain equity and debt instruments.

Our significant accounting policies are in the annual consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016 included in Item 8 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These are the policies we believe are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our financial condition and results of operations.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined on a first-in, first-out (FIFO) basis.

Property and equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost and are depreciated over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method over the following periods:

 

Costs related to repairs and maintenance of property and equipment are expensed in the period in which they are incurred. Upon sale or disposal, the Company writes off the cost of the asset and the related amount of accumulated depreciation. The resulting gain or loss is included in the consolidated statement of operations. Assets in the course of construction are classified as construction in-progress and are carried at cost, net of grants received and any recognized impairment loss. They consist of expenditures directly related to building the manufacturing facility in Sarnia, Ontario. For qualifying assets, cost includes capitalized borrowing costs.

Intangible assets

Computer software and license are recorded at cost and are depreciated over their estimated useful lives of between 2 and 5 years using straight-line method. Costs incurred in obtaining patents and licenses with definitive-lived are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, generally between 5 and 18 years.

As required by FASB ASC 805, acquired IPR&D through business combinations is accounted for as an indefinite-lived intangible asset until completion or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts. Therefore, such assets are not amortized but are tested for impairment at least annually. Once the research and development activities are completed, the assets will be amortized over the related product’s useful life. If the project is abandoned, the assets will be written off if they have no alternative future use.

We review our portfolio of patents and acquired in-process research and development every quarter taking into consideration events or circumstances that may affect its recoverable value.

Long-lived asset impairment

We assess the fair value of our long-lived assets in accordance with FASB ASC 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment. At the end of each reporting period, we evaluate whether there is objective evidence of events or changes in business conditions which suggest that an asset may be impaired. In such cases we determine the fair value based upon forecasted, undiscounted cash flows which the assets are expected to generate and the net proceeds expected from their sale. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the asset, it is decreased by the difference between the two being the amount of the impairment.

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Government grants

We have entered into arrangements to receive government grants and government loans from which a portion of the proceeds was recorded as grants (refer to Part II, Item 8, Note 8—Long-term debt), that relate primarily to the construction of facilities. Government grants are recognized when there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received and that the conditions of the grant have been complied with. Government grants received in advance of complying with the conditions of the grant are deferred until all conditions are met. Government grants related to property and equipment are recorded as a reduction of the cost of the asset and result in reduced depreciation expense over the useful life of the asset. Government grants that relate to expenses are recognized in the income statement as a reduction of the related expense or as a component of other income.

Stock-based compensation

We account for our stock-based compensation expense in accordance with FASB ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation. Stock options are granted to employees and consultants at exercise prices equal to the estimated fair value of our stock at the grant dates. Stock options generally vest over four years and have a term of ten years. Each stock option entitles the holder to purchase one share of common stock which comes from our authorized shares. Compensation expense is recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide services in exchange for the award, generally the vesting period.

We recognize stock-based compensation for awards to employees based on the estimated fair value of the awards granted. The fair value method requires us to estimate the fair value of stock-based awards on the date of grant using an option pricing model. We use the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of awards granted to employees and consultants, and the requisite fair value is recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the service period of the award.

The Black-Scholes option pricing model requires the following inputs: expected life, expected volatility, risk-free interest rate, expected dividend yield rate, exercise price and closing price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. Due to the Company’s limited history of grant activity, the Company calculates its expected term utilizing the “simplified method” permitted by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), which is the average of the total contractual term of the option and its vesting period. We calculate our expected volatility rate from the historical volatilities of selected comparable public companies within its industry, due to a lack of historical information regarding the volatility of our stock price. We will continue to analyze the historical stock price volatility assumption as more historical data for its common stock becomes available. The risk-free interest rate is based on the US Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for zero coupon US Treasury notes with maturities similar to the option’s expected term. The expected dividend yield was assumed to be zero, as we have not paid, nor does it anticipate paying, cash dividends on shares of its common stock. We estimate our forfeiture rate based on an analysis of our actual forfeitures and will continue to evaluate the appropriateness of the forfeiture rate based on actual forfeiture experience, analysis of employee turnover and other factors.

Warrants financial liability

The Company accounts for common stock warrants in accordance with applicable accounting guidance provided in FASB ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity, as either derivative liabilities or as equity instruments depending on the specific terms of the warrant agreement. Derivative warrant liabilities issued in connection with the IPO were valued using the Black-Scholes pricing model at the date of initial issuance and are valued using the closing value as quoted on the New York Stock Exchange at each subsequent balance sheet date. The June 2009 and April 2011 Warrants are valued using the Monte Carlo method.

The liability is presented as warrants financial liability in the consolidated balance sheets, and changes in the fair value of the warrants are reflected in the consolidated statements of operations as part of financial charges (income), net.

 

See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8) for a description of recent accounting pronouncements.

 

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Results of Operations

The following tables set forth our results of operations for the periods presented. The period-to-period comparison of financial results is not necessarily indicative of future results.

Overview of Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands)

 

 

Product sales

Product sales increased from $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 to $8.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 due to an increase in product volume sold, partially offset by a decrease in the average selling price.

 

Our sales for the three months ended December 31, 2016 of approximately $631,000 were below our expectations. We expected that additional revenue of approximately $1.4 million would be recorded in the quarter but it had to be deferred until 2017, and recorded as deferred revenue on our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2016. As of March 15, 2017, the cash proceeds from the sale have been received.

Cost of goods sold

Cost of goods sold increased from $2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 to $13.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. This increase was driven primarily by an increase in volume sold, as well as Sarnia facility ramp-up costs, including fixed costs and reprocessing costs for off-specifications products that were allocated to the cost of goods sold.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses decreased by $1.1 million to $9.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to $10.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. This was driven by a decrease in incentive employee remuneration

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and in stock-based compensation expense, partially offset by an increase in salaries and benefits expense associated with the Sarnia facility transition from construction to production stage.

Research and development expenses, net

Research and development expenses, net, decreased by $13.1 million to $7.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to $20.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. This was due to the fact that the costs related to the commissioning of the plant incurred in the prior year were recorded in research and development. It is also explained by reduced expenses related to (i) the molecular engineering of the yeast, (ii) lower costs related to intellectual property and (iii) in stock-based compensation expense.

Sales and marketing expenses

Sales and marketing expenses decreased by $1.1 million to $2.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to $4.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. This was driven by a decrease in salaries, benefits and associated costs, including stock-based compensation and travel expense, following the reorganization of our commercial function in the first quarter of 2016.

Depreciation of property and equipment and amortization intangible assets

Depreciation of property and equipment and amortization of intangible assets expense increased by $3.8 million to $4.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. This increase is due to the depreciation of the Sarnia facility assets associated with the beginning of the Sarnia production in the fourth quarter of 2015.

Write-off of intangible assets

On April 20, 2015, we elected to terminate our license with DuPont for their BDO catalysts as a result of the decision to pursue the BDO technology licensed from Davy. As a result, the carrying value of the DuPont license of $1.1 million was written-off.

Foreign Exchange (gain) loss

The foreign exchange (gain) loss decreased by $1.2 million to a gain of $176,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to a loss $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The foreign exchange gain is mainly explained by a gain from our Canadian dollar loan with Bridging, from the depreciation of the Canadian dollar between the date we received our loan and December 31, 2016.

Financial charges (income), net

Financial charges (income), net comprised of an income of $750,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to a loss of $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. This expense decrease was mainly due to the mark-to-market adjustment change of $3.6 million on our IPO Warrants and our 2011 Warrants and 2009 Warrants. It was partially offset by an increase in the interest expense, financing charges from the warrants issued in December 2016, and other financing charges in connection with the prepayment of our loan with TCP.

 

     Grant income

During the three months ended September 30, 2016, the Milestone IV from SDTC grant was completed and reclassified from deferred grant to grant income, along with a portion of the remaining 10% holdback.

 

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Overview of Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 (in thousands)

 

Product sales

Product sales increased from $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 to $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 due to an increase in product volume sold, partially offset by a decrease in the average selling price.

Cost of goods sold

Cost of goods sold decreased from $6.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 to $2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. This decrease is primarily due to a non-cash charge from an inventory reserve of $2.5 million taken in 2014, as opposed to an inventory reserve of approximately $300,000 in 2015, related to our inventory produced in Pomacle, France. This decrease is also due to toll-manufacturing fixed cost charges of $1.2 million recorded as cost of goods sold in 2014, which did not occur in 2015, but was partially offset by under-absorption of Sarnia production costs recorded in costs of goods sold in 2015, and lower unit inventory cost in 2015, due to prior year inventory reserve taken.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses slightly decreased by $61,000 to $10.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to $10.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The decrease is primarily due to an expense of $0.6 million in stock-based compensation due to stock option cancellations in the second quarter of 2014, which did not occur in 2015. This decrease was partially off-set by financing fees incurred related to financing not pursued.  

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Research and development expenses, net

Research and development expenses, net, increased by $5.1 million to $20.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to $15.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. This was primarily due by an increase in expenses related to the commissioning and start-up of the Sarnia plant and an increase in royalty’s payment from new technology agreement with Reverdia signed in December 2015. This was partially offset by a decrease in BDO related expenses that are now performed mainly by Davy under the license agreement, which is being capitalized, and a decrease in stock-option compensation expenses related to the stock option cancellations in the second quarter of 2014, which did not occur in 2015.

Sales and marketing expenses

Sales and marketing expenses decreased by $480,000 to $4.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to $4.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The decrease is primarily due to a decrease in stock-based compensation expense due the stock option cancellations in the second quarter of 2014, which did not occur in 2015.

Depreciation of property and equipment and amortization intangible assets

Depreciation of property and equipment and amortization of intangible assets expense increased by $0.8 million to $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to $260,000 for the year ended December 31, 2014. This increase is due to the depreciation of the Sarnia facility assets associated with the beginning of the Sarnia production in the fourth quarter of 2015.

Impairment loss and write-off of property and equipment and of intangible assets

 

On April 20, 2015, we elected to terminate our license with DuPont for their BDO catalysts as a result of the decision to pursue the BDO technology licensed from Davy. As a result, the carrying value of the DuPont license of $1.1 million was written-off.

Foreign Exchange loss

The foreign exchange loss increased by $0.8 million to $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to $151,000 for the year ended December 31, 2014. The foreign exchange loss was driven by a strengthening of the U.S. Dollar versus the Canadian Dollar during the year ended December 31, 2015, which impacted the Canadian Dollar cash balances being carried on our books to meet vendor obligations for the Sarnia operations.

Financial charges (income), net

Financial charges (income), net comprised of a loss of $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to an income of $11.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. This expense decrease was due to the mark-to-market adjustment change of $9.5 million on our IPO Warrants and our 2011 Warrants and 2009 Warrants, and the decrease in the end of the term charge in 2015, due to acceleration of the end of term charge recorded in 2014 from the pre-payment of the loan with Hercules Technology Growth Capital in December 2014.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

From inception through December 31, 2016, we have funded our operations primarily from an aggregate of $299.2 million raised from public offerings of our equity securities, private placements of our equity securities, and the sale of shares issued by a subsidiary and convertible notes, including net proceeds of $18.3 million from our January 2016 and December 2016 public offering of our common stock and Mitsui’s additional capital contribution of CAD$25.0 million in the first quarter of 2016. We also received CAD$82 million from loan and grant proceeds from various Canadian institutional and government agencies in BioAmber Sarnia, including CAD$10 million from BDC in August 2016, and proceeds of CAD$25 million from a demand non-revolving credit facility with Bridging at the corporate level in September 2016.

As part of our December 2016 public offering, we issued a warrant to purchase an aggregate of 2,224,199 shares of common stock, for a total of $4.00 per underlying share. The gross proceeds of $8.9 million is held in escrow until it gets automatically exercised following our TSX listing, which is expected by the end of April, within the 120 days term of the warrants.

During January 2017, we completed the closing of another follow-on public offering and raised approximately $18.6 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and estimated offering expenses payable by us. In February and March 2017, we signed amended loan agreements with AIP and BDC to delay the principal reimbursement of those loans for one year, from January 1, 2017 until December 31, 2017.

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In the event that the Company would not achieve the expected growth rate, the Company could amongst other things raise additional capital available on its effective shelf filed on January 3, 2017 or by securing a corporate debt in replacement of its corporate debt fully repaid on January 27, 2017.

 

Based on the information listed above and the cash on hand at December 31, 2016, we believe we have sufficient cash to fund our operations for at least the next twelve months.  

 

However, our future capital requirements may be substantial, and will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to general economic and capital markets conditions, credit availability from lenders, investor confidence and the existence of regulatory and tax incentives that are conducive to raising capital. If we are unable to raise additional funds, obtain capital on acceptable terms, secure government grants or co-sponsorships for some of our projects or take advantage of federal and state incentive programs to secure favorable financing, we may not have sufficient capital to execute our operating plan beyond the next 12 months. These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

There are certain covenants in our debt and grant agreements, which are discussed in the notes to our consolidated financial statements. We are in compliance with all of the covenants provided in each of these agreements. We expect to continue to be in compliance with these covenants in the future.

The following table sets forth the major sources and uses of cash for each of the periods set forth below (in thousands):

 

 

Operating activities

The cash from operating activities is primarily used for general and administrative expenses, research and development activities and Sarnia operations. These include expenses on research and development projects, consultancy and advisory fees from third parties, licensing and royalty expenses, production costs of our succinic acid in Sarnia, payroll expenses, legal and accounting expenses, office rent and utilities and interest expense. This is offset by our cash received from our sales of succinic acid and other income.

Cash used in operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2016 of $37.6 million reflected our net loss of $28.4 million, which was adjusted for non-cash net charges, of $1.8 million and a negative change in operating assets and liabilities of $11.1 million. Non-cash adjustments included stock-based compensation of $3.6 million, $4.8 million of depreciation and amortization, financial income of $6.0 million including the mark-to-market accounting for our financial liability warrants and the end of term charge on long-term debt, amortization of debt discounts of $3.3 million and grant income of $4.0 million. The change in operating assets and liabilities is a net outflow of $11.1 million due to a decrease in current liabilities and an increase in current assets.

Cash used in operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2015 of $32.2 million reflected our net loss of $41.2 million, which was adjusted for non-cash net charges, of $6.4 million and a positive change in operating assets and liabilities of $2.6 million. Non-cash expense adjustments included mainly stock-based compensation of $4.8 million and a gain on the mark-to-market accounting for our IPO warrants and 2011 Warrants and 2009 Warrants of $2.3 million. The change in operating assets and liabilities is a net inflow of $2.6 million due to a decrease in current assets and current liabilities.

Cash used in operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2014 of $22.5 million reflected our net loss of $47.3 million, which was adjusted for non-cash net charges, of $14.3 million and a positive change in operating assets and liabilities of $10.6 million. Non-cash expense adjustments included mainly stock-based compensation of $6.9 million and a gain on the mark-to-market accounting for warrants that were part of the units issued in our IPO of $7.3 million. The change in operating assets and liabilities is a net inflow of $10.6 million due to a decrease in current assets which offsets an increase in current liabilities.

Investing activities

Cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2016 of $668,000 represented mostly property and equipment purchases related to the building of our facility in Sarnia, Ontario.

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Cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2015 of $64.8 million represented mostly property and equipment purchases related to the building of our facility in Sarnia, Ontario.

Cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2014 of $85.0 million represented property and equipment purchases related to the building of our facility in Sarnia, Ontario of $85.0 million, and an increase in the restricted cash of $678,000, offset by a capital distribution from our equity investment in AmberWorks LLC of $675,000.

Financing activities

Cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2016 of $47.2 million included the proceeds from issuance of shares including the January and December 2016 public offering, for a total of $18.5 million, capital contributions by Mitsui to our BioAmber Sarnia joint venture of $17.7 million, principal reimbursement of various loans for $15.3 million, SDTC grant for $1.1 million, and new loan received from BDC and Bridging for a total of $27.0 million.

Cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2015 of $54.9 million included the proceeds from issuance of shares including the May 2015 public offering, for a total of $33.1 million, an additional disbursement of $29.9 million from the government under the actual loans and grants agreements and the loan proceeds of the CAD$20.0 million commercial loan from a financial consortium including Export Canada Development (EDC), Comerica, and Farm Credit Canada. It also included capital contributions by Mitsui to our BioAmber Sarnia joint venture of $8.9 million, and repayment of our long term loans for a total of 16.1 million.

Cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2014 of $78.7 million included proceeds from the completion of our second public offering of $36.2 million, a capital contribution by Mitsui maintaining its 30% equity in our BioAmber Sarnia joint venture of $24.6 million, the loan and grants proceeds from government agencies of $19.4 million and the net proceeds from the long term loan from TCP of $24.5 million, partially offset by $25.0 million from the repayment of the HTGC loan, and $1.1 million in deferred financing costs.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

Our principal commitments consist primarily of obligations under our leases for our office spaces and contractual commitments related to license agreements. The following table summarizes these contractual obligations at December 31, 2016:

 

 

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2016, we did not have any significant off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in Item 303(a)(4)(ii) of Regulation S-K.

Interest Rate Risk

We had unrestricted cash totaling $16.2 million at December 31, 2016. These amounts were deposited in current and interest-bearing accounts and were held for working capital purposes. The company’s long-term loan with EDC bears interest at floating

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interest rate per annum based on the Canadian prime rate plus an interest spread of 5%. If the 3-month Canadian prime rate were to increase, the interest rates for the remaining term of the loans would increase.

Commodity Price Risk

We use glucose in our processes, which can be derived from corn, wheat and other feedstocks. Thus, our raw material is sensitive to price fluctuations in feedstock commodities. Prices of corn, wheat and other feedstocks are subject to fluctuations due to unpredictable factors such as weather, quantities planted and harvested, changes in national and global supply and demand, and government programs and policies.

Foreign Currency Risk

We currently conduct our operations in U.S. dollars, Canadian dollars and Euros, which exposes us to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. Our foreign currency risk is expected to increase with the ramp-up of our Sarnia facility, as our sources of cash are primarily in U.S. dollars, while our uses of cash are primarily in Canadian dollars. We will monitor the amounts and timing of foreign currency exposures related to the operations of the facility and will look to mitigate exposure through normal business operations such as manufacturing and selling in the same currencies where practical. We may use forward contracts or currency swaps to mitigate any remaining exposure

 

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of

BioAmber Inc.

 

 

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of BioAmber Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

 

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 

In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of BioAmber Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s negative working capital, accumulated deficit and net loss from operations raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management's plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

 

/s/ Deloitte LLP¹

Montreal, Canada

March 16, 2017

 

 

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BIOAMBER INC.

Consolidated Statements of Operations

 

 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

 

 

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BIOAMBER INC.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

 

 

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BIOAMBER INC.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

 

 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

 

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BIOAMBER INC.

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity

(in U.S. dollars, except for shares data)

 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

 

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BIOAMBER INC.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

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BIOAMBER INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1. Description of the business

BioAmber Inc. (the “Company” or “BioAmber”) is a bio-based chemicals company. BioAmber’s goal is to develop commercially viable, intellectual property (“IP”) protected technologies that use industrial biotechnology to produce chemical building blocks in fermentation broth, and subsequently use chemical processing to isolate and purify the building blocks from the broth and transform them into a range of value added chemicals.

The Company was incorporated in the State of Delaware in October 2008 and was established as the result of the spin-off of certain assets from Diversified Natural Products, Inc. (“DNP”). These assets consisted principally of an intellectual property portfolio, which pertained to the production of succinic acid from renewable feedstock and was used in selected applications and derivative products.

In September 2010, the Company acquired the 50% interest in its joint venture Bioamber S.A.S. that it did not already own. Concurrent with this acquisition, the Company changed its name from DNP Green Technology, Inc. to BioAmber Inc. and changed its fiscal year end from June 30 to December 31. Bioamber S.A.S. had been wholly owned by the Company until its liquidation in December 2014.

 

 

2. Summary of significant accounting policies

Basis of presentation and going concern

These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“US GAAP”) and comprise the financial position and results of operations of BioAmber Inc., and all its subsidiaries, which include BioAmber Canada Inc., Sinoven Biopolymers Inc. and BioAmber Sarnia Inc (“BioAmber Sarnia”). Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) sets GAAP to ensure financial condition, results of operations and cash flows are consistently reported. References to GAAP issued by the FASB in these footnotes are to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“FASB ASC”).

The Company started its commercial operations at the end of 2015, and is currently ramping-up the production at its Sarnia facility. Therefore, the company incurred recurring losses from its past activities since inception. As of December 31, 2016, the Company had negative working capital of $13.9 million, an accumulated deficit of $220.8 million and a net loss of $28.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The attainment of profitable operations is dependent upon future events, including successful ramp-up of the commercial-scale manufacturing Sarnia facility, further advancing its existing commercial arrangements with strategic partners to generate revenue from the sale of its products that will support the Company’s cost structure, gaining market acceptance for its bio-succinic acid, its derivatives and other building block chemicals, obtaining adequate financing to complete its development activities, and attracting and retaining qualified personnel. These conditions raise substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern.  

In the event that the Company would not achieve its expected growth rate, the Company may be required to raise additional capital available on its effective shelf filed on January 3, 2017 or to secure a corporate debt in replacement of its corporate debt fully repaid on January 27, 2017 within the next year from its financial statements issuance, in order to continue the production and commercialization of its succinic acid and to continue to fund operations at the current cash expenditure levels. BioAmber cannot be certain that additional funding will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. If BioAmber is unable to raise additional capital or obtain debt when required or on acceptable terms, BioAmber may have to reduce or delay operating expenses as deemed appropriate in order to conserve cash.

 

Our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2016 have been prepared under the assumption that we will continue as a going concern for the next twelve months. Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon our ability to generate additional revenue, attain further operating efficiencies, obtain additional equity or debt financing or to reduce expenditures. Our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2016 did not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

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Retrospective changes

The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2015-03 Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs, on a retrospective basis as of January 1, 2016. In accordance with the adoption of this guidance, prior year amounts related to deferred debt issuance costs associated with long-term debt have been adjusted for the retrospective change in accounting principle. As of December 31, 2015, the Company has reclassified $1.3 million of deferred financing costs associated with long-term debt in the consolidated balance sheet, against the long-term debt. Refer to Note 8 for further information.

Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Significant areas requiring the use of significant management estimates include fair value determination of assets, liabilities, fair value of intangible assets and goodwill, useful lives of intangible assets, income taxes, stock-based compensation and fair value of certain debt and equity instruments.

Fair value of financial instruments

The Company applies FASB ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, which defines fair value and establishes a framework for measuring fair value and making disclosures about fair value measurements. FASB ASC 820 establishes a hierarchal disclosure framework which prioritizes and ranks the level of market price observability used in measuring financial instruments at fair value. Market price observability is impacted by a number of factors, including the type of financial instruments and the characteristics specific to them. Financial instruments with readily available quoted prices or for which fair value can be measured from actively quoted prices generally will have a higher degree of market price observability and a lesser degree of judgment used in measuring fair value.

There are three levels within the hierarchy that may be used to measure fair value:

 

 

The fair value measurements level of an asset or liability within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Valuation techniques used should maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.

The valuation methodologies described above may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of future net realizable value or reflective of future fair values.

Foreign currencies

The functional currency of BioAmber Inc. and Sinoven Biopolymers Inc. (“Sinoven”) is the United States dollar, whereas for BioAmber Canada Inc. and BioAmber Sarnia Inc. the functional currency is the Canadian dollar and for Bioamber S.A.S. it was the Euro. The assets and liabilities of BioAmber Canada Inc. and BioAmber Sarnia Inc. are translated into United States dollars using period-end exchange rates, while revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates prevailing during the period. The assets and liabilities for BioAmber S.A.S. were translated into Unites States dollars on the date of the liquidation of BioAmber S.A.S. into BioAmber Inc. on December 29, 2014. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). All foreign currency transaction gains and losses resulting from transactions denominated in foreign currencies are recorded as foreign exchange (gain) loss in the consolidated statements of operations.

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Cash equivalents

The Company recognizes cash equivalents as highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at date of purchase.

Restricted Cash

Cash amounts that are restricted to withdrawal or usage are presented as restricted cash. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company had $558,150 and $540,975, respectively, of restricted cash held in an escrow account as a guarantee to a long-term supply agreement.

As part of our December 2016 public offering, we issued a warrant to purchase an aggregate of 2,224,199 shares of common stock, for a total of $4.00 per underlying share. The gross proceeds of $8.9 million, is presented as current restricted cash as of December 31, 2016. This amount is held in escrow until it gets automatically exercised following our TSX listing, which is expected by the end of April, within the 120 days term of the warrants.

Concentration of credit risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and accounts receivable. The Company believes it is not exposed to significant credit risk related to cash, cash equivalents and accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company did not have any provision for doubtful accounts.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined on a first-in, first-out (FIFO) basis. Prior to the Company having any customer orders for sample product, all production and development costs were expensed as part of the Company’s research and development efforts.

Cost of goods sold

Cost of goods sold includes costs directly associated with finished goods production, such as direct materials, direct labor, utilities and certain plant overhead and logistic costs. Cost of goods sold also includes abnormal production costs from the Sarnia facility production volume ramp-up.

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Property and equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost and are amortized over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method over the following periods:

 

 

Leaseholds improvements are amortized over the shorter of the related lease terms or their estimated useful lives. Costs related to repairs and maintenance of property and equipment are expensed in the period in which they are incurred. Upon sale or disposal, the Company writes off the cost of the asset and the related amount of accumulated depreciation. The resulting gain or loss is included in the consolidated statement of operations. Assets in the course of construction are classified as construction in-progress and are carried at cost, net of grants received and any recognized impairment loss. They consist of expenditures directly related to building the manufacturing facility in Sarnia, Ontario. For qualifying assets, cost includes capitalized borrowing costs.

Business combinations

The Company accounts for acquired businesses using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with FASB ASC 805, Business Combinations. The consideration transferred for the acquisition is the fair values of the assets transferred, the liabilities incurred and the equity interest issued. The consideration transferred includes the fair value of any asset or liability resulting from a contingent consideration arrangement. Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred. Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination are measured initially at their fair value at the acquisition date. Any excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill.

Intangible assets

Computer software and license are recorded at cost and are depreciated over their estimated useful lives of between 2 and 5 years using the straight-line method.

Costs incurred in obtaining patents and licenses with definite-lived are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, generally between 5 and 18 years.

As required by FASB ASC 805, acquired in-process research and development (IPR&D) through business combinations is accounted for as an indefinite-lived intangible asset until completion or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts. Therefore, such assets are not amortized but are tested for impairment at least annually. Once the research and development activities are deemed to be substantially complete, the assets will be amortized over the related product’s useful life. If the project is abandoned, the assets will be written off if they have no alternative future use. The Company reviews its portfolio of patents and acquired in-process research and development taking into consideration events or circumstances that may affect its recoverable value.

To test indefinites-lives intangible assets for impairment in accordance with FASB ASC 350-Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Testing Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets for Impairment, the Company first assesses the qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not, that the asset is impaired. If the Company believes, as a result of the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying amount, the quantitative impairment test is required. Otherwise, no further testing is required.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess purchase price over the estimated fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in business combinations. Goodwill is not amortized, but is reviewed for impairment on an annual basis, or whenever events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount, using a discounted cash flow model.

The Company’s goodwill is attributed to its one reporting unit. The Company has selected December 31 as the date to perform its annual impairment test. Since the Company’s IPO, the Company changed the impairment testing date from June 30 to December 31, to align its testing date with the year-end date. In testing for impairment of its goodwill, the Company may first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the two-step impairment test described below. If the Company believes, as a

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result of the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the quantitative impairment test is required. Otherwise, no further testing is required. If the quantitative impairment test is required, the Company must make assumptions regarding estimated future cash flows to be derived from the reporting unit. The performance of the test involves a two-step process. The first step of the impairment test involves comparing the fair value of the reporting unit to its net book value, including goodwill.

If the net book value exceeds its fair value, then the Company performs the second step of the goodwill impairment test to determine the amount of the impairment loss. In calculating the fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill, the fair value of the reporting unit is allocated to all of the other assets and liabilities based on their fair values. The excess of the fair value of the reporting unit over the amount assigned to its other assets and liabilities is the fair value of goodwill. An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its fair value. There was no impairment of goodwill recorded for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014.

Asset retirement obligation

Management assesses the potential asset retirement obligation upon acquisition of its assets or entering into lease arrangements. If a reasonable estimate of the fair value of the liability can be made, the Company recognizes the retirement obligation. During the year ended December, 31, 2016, the Company paid $180,000 for the cost of restoring the premises on the termination date of its leased premises in Plymouth, USA, which was previously accrued over 4 years in the other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet.

Long-lived asset impairment

Management assesses the fair value of its long-lived assets in accordance with FASB ASC 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment. At the end of each reporting period, it evaluates whether there is objective evidence of events or changes in business conditions which suggest that an asset may be impaired.

In such cases the Company determines the fair value based upon forecasted cash flows that the assets are expected to generate and the net proceeds expected from their sale. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the assets, estimated by discounting cash flows techniques, an impairment charge is recorded. The impairment charge is determined as the difference between the fair value of the assets and their corresponding carrying value.

Government grants

The Company has entered into arrangements to receive government grants that relate primarily to the construction of facilities. Government grants are recognized when there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received and that the conditions of the grant have been complied with. Government grants received in advance of complying with the conditions of the grant are deferred until all conditions are met. Government grants related to property and equipment are included in the balance sheet as a reduction of the cost of the asset and result in reduced depreciation expense over the useful life of the asset. Government grants that relate to expenses are recognized in the income statement as a reduction of the related expense or as a component of other income.

Warrants financial liability

The Company accounts for common stock warrants in accordance with applicable accounting guidance provided in FASB ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity, as either derivative liabilities or as equity instruments depending on the specific terms of the warrant agreement. Derivative warrant liabilities issued in connection with the IPO were valued using the Black-Scholes pricing model at the date of initial issuance and are valued using the closing value as quoted on the New York Stock Exchange at each subsequent balance sheet date. The June 2009 and April 2011 Warrants are valued using the Monte Carlo method.

As of December 31, 2016, the warrants financial liability also includes the Special Warrant to purchase an aggregate of 2,224,199 shares of common stock, for a total of $4.00 per underlying share. The gross proceeds of $8.9 million was prepaid as of December 31, 2016 and is included in the current warrants financial liability.

The liability is presented as warrants financial liability in the consolidated balance sheets, and changes in the fair value of the warrants are reflected in the consolidated statements of operations as part of financial charges (income), net.

Redeemable non-controlling interest

Redeemable non-controlling interest are classified in temporary equity on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, at the greater of the carrying value or the redemption value, in accordance with FASB ASC 480-10-S99.

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Revenue recognition

Revenue comprises the fair value of the consideration received or receivable for the sale of products and services in the ordinary course of the Company’s activities. Revenue is presented net of discounts.

Revenue is recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the fee is determinable, collectability is reasonably assured and delivery has occurred, which for product revenue is at the time of transfer of title.

The Company’s revenues represent sales of bio-succinic acid to a limited number of customers. During the year ended December 31, 2016, 71% of its sales were to single customer. During the year ended December 31, 2015,  31% of its sales were to a single customer.

Net loss per share

The Company computes net loss per share in accordance with FASB ASC 260, Earnings per share, under which basic net loss per share attributable to common shareholders is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common shareholders by the basic weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Shares issued and reacquired during the period are weighted for the portion of the period that they were outstanding. The computation of diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) is similar to the computation of the basic EPS except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional shares of common stock that would have been outstanding if all of the potentially dilutive shares of common stock had been issued. In addition, in computing the dilutive effect of convertible securities, the numerator is adjusted to add back any convertible preferred dividends and the after-tax amount of interest recognized in the period associated with any convertible debt. The numerator is also adjusted for any other changes in income or loss that would result from the assumed conversion of those potential shares of common stock such as profit-sharing expenses. Common equivalent shares are excluded from the diluted EPS calculation if their effect is anti-dilutive. Losses have been incurred in each period since inception; accordingly, diluted loss per share is not presented.

Research and development expenses

In accordance with FASB ASC 730, Research and Development, research and development expenses are charged to operations in the period in which they are incurred, net of investment tax credits.

Deferred financing costs

Costs incurred to secure financing are deferred until proceeds are received, which are being treated as debt issuance costs.

Debt issuance costs

Debt issuance costs consist of costs incurred in obtaining debt and are amortized over the term of the financing on a straight-line basis, which approximates the effective interest method. These costs are recorded as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liability on the consolidated statements.

Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets, which are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale, are added to the cost of those assets, until such time as the assets are substantially ready for their intended use or sale. If active development is interrupted for an extended period, capitalization is suspended. Investment income earned on the temporary investment of specific borrowings pending their expenditure on qualifying assets is deducted from the borrowing costs eligible for capitalization. All other borrowing costs are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they are incurred.

Stock-based compensation

The Company accounts for its stock-based compensation expense in accordance with FASB ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation. Stock options are granted to employees at exercise prices equal to the estimated fair value of the Company’s stock at the grant dates. Stock options vest generally over four years and have a term of ten years. Each stock option entitles the holder to purchase one share of common stock from the Company’s authorized shares. Compensation expense is recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide services in exchange for the award, which is generally the vesting period.

The Company recognizes stock-based compensation for awards to employees based on the estimated fair value of the awards granted. The fair value method requires the Company to estimate the fair value of stock-based awards on the date of grant using an

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option pricing model. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of awards granted to employees, and the requisite fair value is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the service period of the award.

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of awards granted to non-employees. The measurement of stock-based compensation for non-employees is subject to periodic adjustments as the underlying equity instruments vest, and the resulting change in value, if any, is recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations during the period the related services are rendered.

The Black-Scholes option pricing model requires the following inputs: expected life, expected volatility, risk-free interest rate, expected dividend yield rate, exercise price and closing price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. Due to the Company’s limited history of grant activity, the Company calculates its expected term utilizing the “simplified method” permitted by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), which is the average of the total contractual term of the option and its vesting period. The Company calculates its expected volatility rate from the historical volatilities of selected comparable public companies within its industry, due to a lack of historical information regarding the volatility of the Company’s stock price. The Company will continue to analyze the historical stock price volatility assumption as more historical data for its common stock becomes available. The risk-free interest rate is based on the US Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for zero coupon US Treasury notes with maturities similar to the option’s expected term. The expected dividend yield was assumed to be zero, as the Company has not paid, nor does it anticipate paying, cash dividends on shares of its common stock. The Company estimates its forfeiture rate based on an analysis of its actual forfeitures and will continue to evaluate the appropriateness of the forfeiture rate based on actual forfeiture experience, analysis of employee turnover and other factors.

Environmental liabilities

The nature of the Company’s operations requires compliance with environmental laws and regulations set by the governmental authorities in the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. It will develop policies and practices for the remediation of the effects of release or disposal of materials at its locations. Any resulting environmental liabilities will be recorded when they are probable and management can reliably estimate their amount. As of December 31, 2016, and each prior balance sheet date presented, no environmental liabilities have been identified.

Income taxes

The Company calculates its income tax charge on the basis of the tax laws enacted at the balance sheet date in the countries where the Company and its subsidiaries operate and generate taxable income, in accordance with FASB ASC 740, Income Taxes. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulation is subject to interpretation. It establishes provisions where appropriate on the basis of amounts expected to be paid to the tax authorities.

Income taxes in the consolidated statements of operations consist of federal, state and foreign jurisdictions income taxes related to the Company and its subsidiaries. Income taxes are provided for the tax effects of transactions reported in the financial statements and consist of taxes currently due plus deferred taxes related to temporary differences arising from assets and liabilities whose basis are different for financial reporting and income tax purposes.

Deferred taxes are provided using the asset and liability method whereby deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences and net operating losses, and deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences. Temporary differences are the differences between the reported amounts on the financial statements of assets and liabilities and their tax basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effects of changes in tax laws and rates on the date of enactment. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is provided to reduce net deferred tax assets to an amount that is more likely than not to be realized. The amount of the valuation allowance is based on the Company’s best estimate of the recoverability of its deferred tax assets. In making such a determination, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies and results of recent operations. If we determine that we would be able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, we would make an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance.

The Company follows guidance for income taxes, which prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement standard for the financial statement recognition and measurement of an income tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The Company accounts for interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions, if any, as part of tax expense unless it is associated with intercompany profits. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions associated with intercompany profits as prepaid tax expense. This asset is amortized over the life of the assets involved in the intercompany sale.

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Research and development tax credits

Bioamber S.A.S., before its liquidation in December 2014, had received government assistance in the form of research and development tax credits from the French taxation authorities, based on qualifying expenditures. These credits were not dependent on ongoing tax status or tax position and accordingly were not considered part of income taxes. The Company recorded these tax credits, as a reduction of research and development expenses, when the Company was able to reasonably estimate the amounts and it was more likely than not they would be received.

Segment reporting

Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision-maker in making decisions regarding resource allocation and assessing performance. To date, the Company has viewed its operations and manages its business as one segment. The chief operating decision-maker is the Chief Executive Officer.

Recently adopted accounting pronouncements

 

In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15 Presentation of Financial Statements - Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40): Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern ("ASU 2014-15"). This ASU requires management to assess and evaluate whether conditions or events exist, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the financial statements issue date. The Company adopted ASU 2014-15 for the year ended December 31, 2016 and determined that conditions exist raising substantial doubt regarding the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. Refer to Note 2 for further information.

 

The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2015-03 Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs, on a retrospective basis in the three months ended March 31, 2016. In accordance with the adoption of this guidance, prior year amounts related to deferred debt issuance costs associated with long-term debt have been adjusted for the retrospective change in accounting principle. As of December 31, 2015, the Company has reclassified $1.3 million of deferred financing costs associated with long-term debt in the consolidated balance sheet, against the long-term debt. Refer to Note 8 for further information.

Recent accounting pronouncements not yet adopted

In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2014-09, "Revenue Recognition - Revenue from Contracts with Customers," which is a comprehensive revenue recognition standard that will supersede nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under U.S. GAAP. This standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and either full retrospective adoption or modified retrospective adoption is permitted. The Company is still in the process of evaluating the impact of this standard, but do not currently expect it to have a material impact on its consolidated financial position or results of operations. The Company plans to adopt this standard when it becomes effective for the Company on January 1, 2018.

In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-11, Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory (“ASU-2015-11”). ASU 2015-11 applies to inventory that is measured using first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) or average cost.  ASU 2015-11 requires inventory to be measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value.  Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation.  ASU 2015-11 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 31, 2016.  The Company evaluated this standard and concluded that there will no impact on its consolidated financial statements.

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In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, which among other changes in accounting and disclosure requirements, replaces the cost method of accounting for non-marketable equity securities with a model for recognizing impairments and observable price changes, and also eliminates the available-for-sale classification for marketable equity securities. Under the new guidance, other than when the consolidation or equity method of accounting is utilized, changes in the fair value of equity securities are to be recognized in earnings. This guidance will be effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company evaluated this standard and concluded that there will no impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting ASU 2016-02, Leases. The new standard establishes a right-of-use (“ROU”) model that requires a lessee to record a ROU asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. A modified retrospective transition approach is required for lessees for capital and operating leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements, with certain practical expedients available. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718). This standard makes several modifications to Topic 718 related to the accounting for forfeitures, employer tax withholding on share-based compensation and the financial statement presentation of excess tax benefits or deficiencies. ASU 2016-09 also clarifies the statement of cash flows presentation for certain components of share-based awards. The standard is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, although early adoption is permitted. The Company will adopt this guidance on January 1, 2017. The Company expects to make an accounting policy election to account for forfeitures as they occur, the impact of which is generally consistent with the Company’s current forfeiture estimate. The Company does not expect to record a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period in which this ASU is adopted. The remaining amendments are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15 “Statement of Cash Flows – Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments” to address diversity in practice on certain specific cash flow issues. The ASU will be effective for the Company for the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of the standard on its consolidated financial statements and the timing of adoption.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Restricted Cash. The purpose of this guidance is to reduce the diversity in practice that exists in the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash on the statement of cash flows. This guidance requires that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. Therefore, amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-18 is effective for interim or annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and early adoption is permitted. This guidance must be applied retrospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this guidance on its consolidated results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment.”  This standard eliminates the requirement to measure the implied fair value of goodwill by assigning the fair value of a reporting unit to all assets and liabilities within that unit (“the Step 2 test”) from the goodwill impairment test.  Instead, if the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess, limited by the amount of goodwill in that reporting unit.  The standard will become effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2020 and must be applied to any annual or interim goodwill impairment assessments after that date.  Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the standard, but expect that it will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

 

3. Equity and Cost Investments

In February 2010, the Company acquired 75% of the shares of common stock of Sinoven, a private company incorporated in the state of Delaware in October 2009.

On February 15, 2012, BioAmber Inc., Sinoven and NatureWorks LLC (“NW”) formed AmberWorks LLC, a joint-venture ("JV") whose activities are limited to research, development, manufacturing, licensing and sales of certain products and other related activities. Sinoven and NW share expenses and profits in proportion to their respective ownership interest percentage of 50% each. Sinoven provided AmberWorks with a non-exclusive worldwide license, granting AmberWorks the rights to use the Sinoven IP in connection with certain activities of the JV. NW provided AmberWorks with a non-exclusive worldwide license, granting AmberWorks the rights to use certain patents owned by or licensed to NW in connection with certain activities of the JV. NW also

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undertook to exclusively market, promote and sell the products produced by the JV. Each of Sinoven and NW made equal initial cash contributions of $1 million in order to finance the start-up operations of AmberWorks LLC.

The equity method of accounting is applied to this investment as the ownership structure prevents Sinoven from exercising a controlling influence over operating and financial policies of the business. Under this method, the equity in the net earnings or losses of AmberWorks is reflected as equity participation in losses of equity method investments in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The effects of intercompany transactions with AmberWorks are eliminated, including the gross profit on sales to and purchases from the investment, until the time of sale to a third party customer.

On May 6, 2014, AmberWorks made a capital distribution totaling $1,350,000, to Sinoven and NatureWorks LLC, both 50% holders of the joint venture, in proportion of their respective investments in the joint venture. This distribution was in the form of cash and was recorded as a reduction of investment.

AmberWorks had total assets of $68,744 and $69,202 and total liabilities of nil as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. Sinoven’s share of net assets amounted to $34,372 and $34,601 as at those dates.

On February 5, 2015, the Company invested $412,434 (CAD$ 500,000) in Comet Biorefining Inc, in a start-up private company, which represented a 6.6% ownership interest. This investment is recorded using the cost investment method.

 

4. Inventories

The Company recorded an inventory reserve of approximately $nil, $300,000 and $2.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 respectively.

 

5. Property and equipment

 

 

Depreciation expense is recorded as an operating expense in the consolidated statements of operations and amounted to $4,631,586, $1,012,320 and $209,973 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 respectively.

 

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6. Intangible assets

 

 

Amortization expense is recorded as an operating expense in the consolidated statements of operations and amounted to $211,578, $68,120 and $50,499 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 respectively.

On December 11, 2014, the Company entered into a license agreement with Davy. The Company intend to use the technology licensed from Davy in its planned 100,000 metric ton per year capacity plant that will use bio-succinic acid as the feedstock to produce 70,000 metric tons of BDO and 30,000 metric tons of THF. The Company also secured the right to license the Davy technology for two additional BDO/THF plants. As of December 31, 2016, an amount of $3,106,767 was capitalized as a license fee under the Davy license.

On April 20, 2015, the Company elected to terminate its license with DuPont for their catalysts following the decision to pursue with the BDO technology licensed from Davy for all future plants, in addition to the planned 100,000 ton per year capacity plant. As a result, the carrying value of the DuPont license of $1,141,000 was written off during the second quarter of 2015.

 

 

 

7. Accounts payable and accrued liabilities

Accounts payable and accrued liabilities consisted of the following:

 

 

 

 

8. Long-term debt

Project Financing

The Company entered into the following facilities to fund the construction of its manufacturing facility in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada:

On September 30, 2011, BioAmber Sarnia and the Minister of Economic Development and Trade of Ontario, Canada (Sustainable Jobs Innovation Fund) entered into an agreement pursuant to which a loan in the amount of CAD$15 million was granted to BioAmber Sarnia, according to the following principal terms:

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Disbursements of the loan were received in multiple tranches from 2013 to 2015. The fair value of the loan was calculated using the method of the discounted future cash payments of principal and interest over the term of the loan. The discount rate used was between 12% and 15%, being the interest rates a loan with similar terms and conditions would carry.

In November 2011, BioAmber Sarnia entered into a loan agreement with SCA in the amount of CAD$500,000. The loan was interest free until November 30, 2013, and the unpaid balance of the loan subsequently bears interest at the rate of 5% per annum compounded monthly. The principal repayment will be effected by way of 20 consecutive quarterly installments of CAD$25,000 from November 2015 to November 2020. The loan agreement contains various legal and financial covenants including i) third party credit facilities which cannot exceed $45 million in the aggregate as long as any principal of the loan remains outstanding, ii) the funds are to be used for research and development expenses only and iii) dividends may not be declared or paid without the consent of the lender. The loan agreement was amended to increase the third party credit facilities from CAD$45 million to CAD$60 million in the aggregate in June 2014, and subsequently from CAD$60 million to CAD$67.5 million in the aggregate in March 2016. These covenants were met as of December 31, 2016.

The loan was originally recorded at the discounted amount of the future cash payments of principal and interest over the term of the loan. The discount rate used was 15%, being the interest rate a loan with similar terms and conditions would carry.

The difference between the face value of the loan and the discounted amount of the loan was recorded as a deferred grant, and subsequently reclassified against operating expenses during the period ended December 31, 2015 (see Note 9).

The discounted loan is being accreted to its face value through a charge in the consolidated statement of operations using the effective interest method over the term of the loan.

On September 30, 2011, BioAmber Sarnia and FEDDEV entered into a contribution agreement pursuant to which a loan of up to a maximum amount of CAD $12 million. The loan is non-interest bearing with repayment of principal from October 2013 to October 2018 in 60 monthly installments. The repayment terms were later modified as described below.

The loan agreement contains various legal and financial covenants ordinarily found in such government agency loan agreements. In addition, the following specific covenants also apply:

These covenants were met as of December 31, 2016.

On March 20, 2013, BioAmber Sarnia agreed with FEDDEV to amend the repayment of principal from the period October 2013 to October 2018, to the period October 2014 to October 2019.

During May 2014, the Company agreed with FEDDEV to amend the repayment of principal from the period October 2014 to October 2019, to the period from October 2015 to October 2020. The Company recorded the impact of the amendments in accordance with FASB ASC 470-50, Debt Modifications and Extinguishments. Accordingly, the amendment was recorded as a debt extinguishment and the issuance of new debt, with new terms.  

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Disbursements of the loan were received in multiple tranches from 2012 to 2015. The fair value of the loan was calculated using the method of the discounted future cash payments of principal and interest over the term of the loan. The discount rate used was between 12% and 15%, being the interest rates a loan with similar terms and conditions would carry.

iv)      Hercules Technology Growth Capital, Inc. (“HTGC”)

On June 27, 2013, the Company entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) with HTGC. Pursuant to the Loan Agreement, HTGC agreed to make a senior secured term loan of $25 million, which was funded on June 27, 2013, net of a 2.5% loan fee.

On December 17, 2014, the Company voluntarily paid off the outstanding balance and terminated the Loan Agreement. The payoff amount of approximately $22.4 million included the outstanding principal amount of $19.2 million, an end of term charge of $2.9 million, a prepayment fee of $192,000, accrued interest of $123,000, and other legal fees.  In connection with such repayment, Hercules terminated its security interest in the assets of the Company which were subject to the Loan Agreement.

The Company used the proceeds received from Tennenbaum Capital Partners LLC loan (refer to Note 8 vii)) to repay the existing debt with HTGC. The Company recorded the impact of the loan termination in accordance with FASB ASC 470-50, Debt Modifications and Extinguishments. Accordingly, the difference between the net carrying amount of the extinguished debt and the reacquisition price of the new debt was recorded as a debt extinguishment. As a result, the Company recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $622,179 for the year ended December 31, 2014.

On March 10, 2014, BioAmber Sarnia entered into a repayable contribution agreement in the form of a non-interest bearing loan with the AAFC in the amount of CAD$10 million for the AgriInnovation Program. This loan provided progressive disbursements between 2014 and 2015 as eligible costs were incurred for building construction, installation of equipment and start-up and commissioning of the Sarnia facility. The loan is repayable in equal, monthly installments beginning March 31, 2016 through March 31, 2025.

The fair value of the loan was calculated using the method of the discounted future cash payments of principal and interest over the term of the loan. The discount rate used was 12%, being the interest rate a loan with similar terms and conditions would carry.

On June 20, 2014, BioAmber Sarnia signed a loan agreement with a financial consortium, comprised of Comerica Bank, Export Development Canada and Farm Credit Canada for a senior secured loan in the principal amount of CAD$20.0 million, which was disbursed on May 12, 2015. The loan’s principal is repayable in 26 equal, quarterly installments beginning on September 30, 2015, and at floating interest rate per annum based on the greater of (i) the Canadian prime rate and (ii) the Canadian dealer offered rate plus 1%, in either case plus an interest spread of 5%. There was an initial interest-only period from draw down of the term loan until the first payment of principal. The disbursement of the loan, net of a 2.5% upfront loan fee CAD$500,000 was recorded as debt discount and is amortized over the estimated term of the loan using the effective interest method. BioAmber Sarnia paid a 1.0% per annum commitment fee on the undrawn amount, until the drawdown.

BioAmber Sarnia may prepay all or a portion of the loan outstanding from and after the date of the first principal repayment, without penalty.

BioAmber Sarnia’s obligations under the loan are secured by (i) a security interest on all of BioAmber Sarnia’s assets and (ii) a pledge of all the shares of BioAmber Sarnia. In addition, the Company provides the lenders with a guarantee representing 70% of the secured obligations under the loan, and Mitsui & Co., Ltd. provides a guarantee representing 30% of the secured obligations under the loan that is capped at CAD$6.0 million plus all accrued interest on the secured obligations and fees and expenses. The proceeds of the loan were used by BioAmber Sarnia to complete the construction of the Sarnia Plant and fund its startup and commissioning.

 

The loan agreement contains certain representations and warranties, affirmative covenants, negative covenants and conditions that are customarily required for similar financings, including in connection with the disbursement of the loan. On August 9, 2016, the loan agreement was amended, to adjust the financial covenants to require BioAmber Sarnia to maintain a minimum debt service ratio of 1.75 on a historical basis, at all times, to be certified monthly, during the term of the loan starting September 30, 2017. Financial covenants also include a minimum cash balance requirement of CAD$4.0 million, and a minimum gross revenue from product sales covenant. The agreement also contains customary events of default (subject, in certain instances, to specified grace periods) including, but not limited to, the failure to make payments of interest or premium, if any, on, or principal under the loan, the failure to comply

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with certain covenants and agreements specified in the agreement, the occurrence of a material adverse effect, defaults in respect of certain other indebtedness and agreements, and certain events of insolvency. If an event of default occurs, the principal, premium, if any, interest and any other monetary obligations on all the then outstanding amounts under the loan may become due and payable immediately. On December 1, 2016, a waiver was obtained to reduce the minimum cash balance requirement from CAD$4 million to CAD$2 million until January 31, 2017, and a second waiver was received in February 2017 to postpone this cash balance requirement to March 31, 2017.  All applicable covenants as of December 31, 2016 have been met.

On December 17, 2014, the Company entered into a Loan and Security Agreement with funds managed by TCP. The proceeds received were used to repay in full, the Loan and Security Agreement with HTGC that was entered into on June 27, 2013, and for general corporate purposes.

The senior secured term loan of $25 million was funded on December 18, 2014, net of a 2.0% commitment fee. The term loan is repayable over 36 months after closing at a floating interest rate per annum that is the greater of 9.50% or the 3 month LIBOR rate plus 9.27%, and was subject to an end of term charge of 8.25% based on the $25 million loaned payable on the date on which the term loan was paid or becomes due and payable in full. There was an initial interest-only period until September 30, 2015.

On July 29, 2015, the Company signed an amendment to the Agreement to increase the permitted investment in BioAmber Sarnia from $10 million to $25 million after July 29, 2015. In exchange, the restricted cash balance requirement increased from $12.5 million to $15 million from July 29, 2015 and thereafter. Pursuant the TCP Amendment, a fee of $250,000 was paid during the three months ended September 30, 2015, and during the three months ended March 31, 2016.

 

On December 16, 2015, the Company signed another amendment to the TCP loan agreement to prepay approximately $12.5 million of the outstanding principal amount of the loan (the “Early Paydown”), bringing the principal outstanding balance of the loan to $10.0 million as of that date.  Further, pursuant to the amendment, the requirement that the Company maintain a minimum cash balance was eliminated.  

 

In addition, in connection with the Early Paydown, the Company paid half of the end of term charge of $514,781, the 3% prepayment fee of $374,386 and the remaining other half of the end of term fee associated with the Early Paydown was deferred, interest free, until the closing of the public offering in January 2016.

On September 9, 2016, the Company voluntarily paid off the outstanding balance and terminated the TCP loan agreement. The payoff amount of $8.0 million included the outstanding principal amount of $6.7 million, an end of term charge of $1.0 million, a prepayment fee of $202,116, accrued interest of $14,591, and other legal fees. The remaining debt issuance costs of $392,757 was written off and recorded as financial charges in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. In connection with such repayment, TCP terminated its security interest in the assets of the Company which were subject to the TCP loan agreement.

 

On April 20, 2016, BDC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Business Development Bank of Canada, accepted to enter into a binding Letter of Offer of financing with BioAmber Sarnia to make a secured term loan (“BDC Loan”) of CAD$10 million to fund the working capital of the BioAmber Sarnia’s facility. The BDC Loan proceeds were received on August 10, 2016, and recorded as long-term debt, net of debt issuance costs of $378,108.

The Loan is repayable in 59 equal, monthly installments of CAD$165,000 from April 15, 2017 until February 15, 2022, and by way of one balloon payment of CAD$265,000, payable on March 15, 2022. The BDC Loan bears interest at a fixed interest rate of 13% per annum, payable monthly on the 15^th day of the month commencing on the next occurring payment date following the first advance on the Loan.

On May 12, 2016, an amendment to the BDC Loan was signed to modify the commencement instalment repayment date from April 15, 2017 to October 15, 2017 and continuing monthly until September 15, 2022. On July 22, 2016, a second amendment was signed to modify certain debt covenants, including the term debt to tangible equity ratio of maximum of 0.85:1, and the debt service ratio of at least 1.10:1 commencing on the quarter ending December 31, 2017, and increasing to 1.50:1 for the quarter ending June 30, 2019. In addition, pursuant to this amendment, the fixed interest rate was adjusted to 14.90% per year, which can vary upon achievement of certain milestones. All applicable covenants as of December 31, 2016 have been met.

 

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On September 9, 2016, the Company entered into an agreement for a demand non-revolving credit facility (the “Facility”) with Bridging, and received the loan proceeds of CAD$25 million, net of 1.50% of financing fees. The proceeds were used to repay in full the outstanding principal amount of its loan with TCP and to fund general corporate expenses.

The Facility is repayable at the earlier of the date of demand or September 30, 2017. The Facility bears interest at an annual interest rate of the Bank of Montreal prime rate plus 10.8%, calculated on a daily outstanding balance of the Facility and compounded monthly, payable on the last business day of each month.  Subject to (i) the right of Bridging to demand the payment of the loan at any time (subject to a grace period of 15 days) or (ii) the occurrence of an event of default, the principal of the loan will be reimbursable in one lump-sum payment at its maturity date.  On the occurrence of an event of default, as more fully described in the agreement, interest shall be calculated at annual rate of 21% per annum calculated and compounded as aforesaid.  

After April 1, 2017, the Company may prepay a portion or all of the Facility outstanding at any time, (i) without any fee or penalty upon at least 90 days prior written notice to the Lender, or (ii) with a prepayment penalty of up to 90 days of interest if the Company provides the lender with a prepayment notice of less than 90 days.

The loan obligations are secured by a security interest on substantially all of the Company’s assets (subject to certain exceptions), including its intellectual property, but excluding certain identified licenses from third parties and its equity interest in its subsidiary, BioAmber Sarnia Inc.

The Facility contains certain representations and warranties, affirmative covenants, negative covenants and conditions that are customarily required for similar financings. Covenants include a requirement on the part of the Company to, within two business days, use all proceeds received from (i) the exercise of any of the Company’s outstanding warrants issued in connection with its initial public offering completed in May 2013, and (ii) the issuance of shares in connection with any equity financing, to repay all or a portion of the then outstanding Facility. It also contains customary events of default including, but not limited to, the failure to make interest payments, the failure to comply with certain covenants specified in the Agreement, the occurrence of a material adverse effect, defaults in respect of certain other indebtedness and agreements, and certain events of insolvency.

This loan was fully repaid on January 27, 2017. Refer to Note 18- Subsequent events.  

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The balance of the outstanding long term debt is as follows:

 

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The principal repayments of the outstanding loans payable are as follows:

 

 

 

9. Deferred Grants

As of December 31, 2016, the Company has received the following grants:

Grant from SDTC to BioAmber Sarnia in the amount of CAD$14.5 million with progressive disbursements according to the terms of the agreement and milestones. The grant is non-reimbursable by BioAmber Sarnia except upon the occurrence of certain events of default defined in the agreement.

Milestone I, II a) and II b) were fulfilled on or prior December 31, 2014. On May 26, 2015, BioAmber Sarnia completed the milestone III and received the advance on Milestone IV of CAD$ 4,769,354. The Milestone III was reclassified from deferred grants reducing the cost of construction in-progress and the advance on Milestone IV, for the Commissioning, Start-up and Optimization of the manufacturing facility, was recorded as a deferred grant. During the three months ended September 30, 2016, the Milestone IV was completed and reclassified from deferred grant to grant income, and the remaining 10% holdback of CAD$1,451,365 was received. The holdback was recognized within the Company’s consolidated financial statements to reflect the nature of the expenditures of BioAmber Sarnia, resulting in $703,793 being recognized against property and equipment and the remaining $404,469 being recognized as Grant income. There remains no balance of deferred grants as at December 31, 2016.

The loan received from the SCA was to be used for maintenance and operation of the Company’s facility, staff salaries and commercialization costs. As the loan bears a below market interest rate, it has been originally recorded at a discount and a portion of the proceeds has been recorded as a deferred grant. The expenses for which the loan was received were incurred in the year ended December 31, 2015, and as a result, the deferred grant was reclassified as a reduction of such expenses.

 

10. Financial charges (income)

 

 

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11. Commitments and contingencies

Leases

The Company leases its premises and other assets under various operating leases. Future lease payments aggregate $913,212 as at December 31, 2016 and include the following future amounts payable:

 

Royalties

The Company has entered into exclusive license agreements that provide for the payment of royalties in the form of up-front payments, minimum annual royalties, and milestone payments. The Company has the right to convert such exclusive agreements into non-exclusive agreements without the right to sublicense and without the obligation to pay minimum royalties. As of December 31, 2016, the Company has commitments related to royalty payments as follows:

 

 

The Company has such contractual agreements with the following partners: Cargill Inc., Davy, Reverdia and Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation.

The royalties which the Company owes are in return for the use or development of proprietary tools, patents and know-how and the actual expenses incurred amounted to a total of $1.8 million, $2.3 million and $0.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively and are included in research and development expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

Purchase Obligations

BioAmber Sarnia has entered into a steam supply agreement with Arlenxeo (former LANXESS Inc), under which, BioAmber Sarnia has agreed to pay a Monthly Take or Pay fee during the term of the contract, which will vary upon the natural gas price index. BioAmber Sarnia has also entered into a service agreement with Arlenxeo under which minimum yearly payments are required. As of December 31, 2016, BioAmber Sarnia has commitments related to purchase obligations and service payments as follows:

 

 

A payment of $2.4 million ($CAD 3.2 million) was made during the year-ended December 31, 2016 under those agreements.

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Litigation

As of December 31, 2016, there were no outstanding claims or litigations.

 

 

12. Redeemable non-controlling interest

On January 24, 2014, the Company signed an amended and restated joint venture agreement (the “Amended JV Agreement”) with Mitsui & Co. Ltd. related to the Sarnia joint venture. Under the Amended JV Agreement, Mitsui invested an additional $8.1 million (CAD$9 million) on January 29, 2014 in BioAmber Sarnia. The Amended JV Agreement also revised each party’s rights and obligations under the buy/sell provisions of the Agreement, including a put option exercisable at Mitsui’s sole discretion that requires the Company to purchase Mitsui’s equity for a purchase price of 50% of Mitsui’s equity in the joint venture. This option remains in effect until December 31, 2018.

During the year ended December 31, 2015, Mitsui invested an additional $8.9 million (CAD$11.1 million).

On February 15, 2016, the Company signed a second amended and restated joint venture agreement (the “Second Amended JV Agreement”) with Mitsui pursuant to which Mitsui provided BioAmber Sarnia an additional capital contribution for a total amount of $17.7 million (CAD$25 million), which increased Mitsui’s share ownership to 40.8%. As a result of Mitsui’s additional capital contribution, BioAmber Sarnia agreed to increase the size of its Board of directors from five to six members, and BioAmber and Mitsui have the right to designate three members each.  All Board decisions have to be approved by the affirmative vote of a simple majority of the BioAmber Sarnia Board members, except that with respect to the following matters, which BioAmber, as the controlling shareholder of BioAmber Sarnia, have the right to make a final decision: (i) the approval and any amendment to any annual budget, including capital expenditures required to maintain the plant in operation, (ii) the hiring and firing of BioAmber Sarnia personnel and their compensation, and (iii) the execution of any raw material or utility supply agreements that are needed in the ordinary course of business.  BioAmber also agreed that in the event that Mitsui’s equity stake in BioAmber Sarnia increases to above 45% in the future, BioAmber would no longer have the deciding votes described in the preceding sentence.

As of December 31, 2016, the estimated redemption value of the redeemable non-controlling interest was $27.1 million.

The following table reflects the activity of the redeemable non-controlling interest:

 

 

13. Share capital

On April 10, 2013, the Company’s board of directors approved a 35-for-1 forward stock split of the Company’s outstanding common stock, with a post-split par value of $0.01 per share of common stock, which became effective May 2, 2013, upon the filing of the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation. All share and per share information in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the stock split for all periods presented.

Authorized

The Company was authorized to issue from the date of inception to April 13, 2011, 9,310,000 shares of common stock and 1,190,000 preferred shares, issuable in series, each with a par value of $0.01 per share.

On April 14, 2011, the Company’s board of directors resolved (i) to increase the total number of authorized shares of common stock to 17,500,000 and (ii) to eliminate the authorization for issuance of preferred shares.

On May 1, 2013, the Company’s board of directors resolved (i) to increase the total number of authorized shares of common stock to 250,000,000, and (ii) to authorize to issue 5,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred shares, which became effective May 2, 2013, upon the filing of the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation.

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Common stock—dividends and voting rights

Each share entitles the record holders thereof to one vote per share on all matters on which shareholders shall have the right to vote. The holders of shares shall be entitled to such dividends, if any, as may be declared thereon by the Company’s board of directors at its sole discretion.

Liquidation, dissolution and winding up rights

In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, the holders of shares of common stock shall be entitled to receive all of the remaining assets of the Company available for distribution to its shareholders, ratably in proportion to the number of shares held by them.

Initial Public Offering

On May 9, 2013, the Company completed an initial public offering (IPO) of 8,000,000 units, each unit consisting of one share of common stock and one warrant to purchase half of one share of common stock, at a price of $10.00 per unit. Each warrant is exercisable during the period commencing on August 8, 2013 and ending on May 9, 2017 at an exercise price of $11.00 per whole share of common stock.

The Company received approximately $71.7 million in net proceeds from the IPO, net of fees, expenses and underwriting discounts of $8.3 million, of which $1.1 million was allocated to the warrants and recorded as financial charges in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The units began trading on the New York Stock Exchange on May 10, 2013 under the symbol BIOA.U. On June 10, 2013, the common shares began trading on the New York Stock Exchange separately under the symbol BIOA and the warrants began trading on the New York Stock Exchange separately under the symbol BIOA.WS and the trading of the units was suspended and they were de-listed.

Secondary Public Offerings

On July 21, 2014, the Company completed the initial closing of a follow-on public offering (the “Offering”) and issued 2,800,000 shares of common stock, at a public offering price of $12.00 per share, with an option to the underwriters to purchase an additional 420,000 shares of common stock at the public offering price, which was fully exercised on July 24, 2014, for total aggregate offering proceeds of $38.6 million. The Company received approximately 36.0 million in net proceeds from the Offering, net of fees, expenses and after underwriting discounts.

On May 6, 2015, the Company completed a public offering and issued 3,900,000 shares of common stock, at an offering price of $9.00 per share. The total net proceeds from the public offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses, was approximately $32.8 million.

On January 21, 2016, the Company completed the closing of another follow-on public offering and issued 2,600,000 shares of common stock, at an offering price to the public of $5.00 per share. The gross aggregate proceeds from this follow-on public offering were approximately $13.0 million, with net proceeds of approximately $11.9 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and expenses payable by the Company. This public offering also triggered an adjustment to the exercise price of the outstanding IPO Warrants, April 2011 Warrants and the June 2009 Warrants, refer to section Warrants financial liability below for details. On May 6, 2015, the Company completed a public offering and issued 3,900,000 shares of common stock, at an offering price of $9.00 per share. The total net proceeds from the public offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses was approximately $32.8 million. These public offerings triggered adjustments to the exercise price of the outstanding IPO Warrants, April 2011 Warrants and the June 2009 Warrants (refer to section Warrants financial liability below for details).

On December 29, 2016, the Company completed the closing of another follow-on public offering and issued 1,748,750 shares of common stock, at an offering price to the public of $4.00 per share. In addition, in connection with this offering, the Company issued the Special Warrant at an issue price of $8,896,796. This public offering also triggered an adjustment to the exercise price of the outstanding IPO Warrants, April 2011 Warrants and the June 2009 Warrants, refer to section Warrants financial liability below for details.

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Warrants financial liability

June 2009 & April 2011 Warrants

On June 22, 2009, the Company issued 208,950 warrants at an exercise price of $5.74 per share in connection with a financing transaction, with an estimated fair value of $1,045,307. On April 11, 2011, the Company issued 94,745 warrants at an exercise price of $10.55 per share with a fair value of $810,448 in connection with a second financing transaction. Those warrants contain anti-dilution protection in the event securities are sold at a lower price than the warrant’s original exercise price.  The anti-dilution protection contains a price adjustment and an adjustment to the number of warrants. The fair value of the warrants are classified as a financial liability as a result of their characteristics, in accordance with FASB ASC 815. A non-cash reclassification from equity to liability was recorded in the third quarter 2015.

Following the May 2015 public offering, the exercise price per share of the April 2011 Warrants were adjusted to an exercise price of $10.11 per share and an additional 4,124 warrants were issued. The January 2016 public offering also triggered an adjustment to the exercise price of the April 2011 Warrants and the June 2009 Warrants from $10.11 per share and $5.74 per share, respectively, to $9.65 per share and $5.67 per share, respectively. An additional 4,713 warrants at an exercise price of $9.65 and an additional 2,580 warrants at an exercise price of $5.67 per share were issued following the adjustments triggered by this issuance. The December 2016 public offering also triggered the exercise price adjustment of the 2011 Warrants and the June 2009 Warrants from $9.65 per share and $5.67 per share, respectively, to $8.97 per share and $5.47 per share, respectively. An additional 7,852 warrants at an exercise price of $8.97 and an additional 7,734 warrants at an exercise price of $5.47 per share were issued following adjustments in the number of shares underlying the warrants that were triggered by this issuance.

 

As of December 31, 2016, the fair value of those warrants classified as warrants financial liability was determined to be $474,345 and $265,201, for the June 2009 Warrants and the April 2011 Warrants, respectively, using the Monte Carlo method, a level 3 fair value measure, for a total fair value of $739,546, as compared to $951,906 as of December 31, 2015. It resulted in a financial income of $212,360 for the year ended December 31, 2016.

 

IPO Warrants

The warrants issued upon the completion of the IPO (“IPO Warrants”), are exercisable during the period beginning on August 8, 2013 and ending on May 9, 2017. Per the IPO warrants agreement, the Company has the possibility to extend the termination date without the consent of the holders. The initial fair value of the warrants was determined to be $2.02 per warrant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The warrants contain full ratchet, anti-dilution protection upon the issuance of any common stock, securities convertible into common stock, or certain other issuances at a price below the then-existing exercise price of the warrant, with certain exceptions. The exercise price of $11.00 per whole share of common stock is subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of certain stock dividends and distributions, stock splits, stock issuances or other similar events affecting the company’s common stock. At issuance, the fair value of the warrants was classified as a financial liability as a result of their characteristics, in accordance with FASB ASC 815. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the exercise price of the outstanding IPO Warrants was adjusted from $11.00 to $9.00 per whole share of common stock following the May 2015 public offering. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the exercise price was adjusted from $9.00 to $5.00 per whole share of common stock and subsequently from $5.00 to $4.00 per whole share of common stock, pursuant the terms of such warrants, following the January 2016 and the December 2016 public offerings, respectively. The Company has the possibility to reduce the exercise price or extend the exercise period without the consent of the IPO Warrants holders.

 

On December 31, 2016, the closing value of the warrant on the New York Stock Exchange, a level 1 fair value measure, was $0.70 per warrant, as compared to $1.41 as of December 31, 2015. As a result, the liability was revalued at the balance sheet date resulting in a financial income of $5.68 million for the year ended December 31, 2016.

 

Special Warrant

On December 29, 2016, the Company entered into a Canadian Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with the purchaser’s party thereto to issue and sell warrant (the “Special Warrant”) to purchase an aggregate of 2,224,199 shares of common, for a gross proceed of $8,896,796, that were placed into an escrow account, recorded as restricted cash, to be released upon the exercise or deemed exercise of the Special Warrant pursuant to the terms of the Purchase Agreement.. The exercise price per share for the common stock underlying the Special Warrant is $4.00. The net proceeds from the Warrants Offering were $3.80 per share of common stock underlying the Special Warrant, representing a placement agent fee of 5.0%, before expenses payable by the Company.

The term of the Special Warrant lasts for 120 days from the date of issuance. The issuance date is December 29, 2016. The Special Warrants may be voluntarily exercised, in whole or in part, prior to their expiration, for no additional consideration. In addition, upon the last to occur of (i) the listing of the Common Stock on the Toronto Stock Exchange or the TSX-Venture Exchange, and (ii) the Company’s receiving of a receipt for a prospectus qualifying the issuance of the Common Stock underlying the s from at least the Canadian provincial securities regulator in that jurisdiction in which the initial holder of the Special Warrant are resident, in

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each case in accordance with applicable Canadian law (the “Warrant Conditions”), the remainder of the Special Warrant shall be deemed to have been exercised in full. Upon such exercise or deemed exercise, the Company will receive the net proceeds from the escrow account described above with respect to the shares of Common Stock underlying such Warrants so exercised. If the Warrant Conditions have not been satisfied on or prior to 5:00 p.m. New York City time on the date that is 120 days from the issuance date of the Special Warrant, then the gross subscription proceeds from the Warrants Offering will be returned to the respective purchasers of the Special Warrant. The Special Warrant were recorded as Warrants financial liability on the consolidated balance sheets, and associated financing costs were recorded as financial charge in the consolidated statements of operations.

Stock option plan

On December 8, 2008, the Company’s board of directors approved the Company’s Employee Stock Option Plan (the “Plan”), available to certain employees, outside directors and consultants of the Company and its affiliated companies. The options under the Plan are granted for the purchase of common stock at exercise prices determined by the Company’s board of directors and generally vest two, three and four years from the date of grant and expire in 10 years. The total number of options allowable in the plan is 2,121,000, of which 974,750 were approved under the initial plan, 1,050,000 were approved by the Company’s board of directors on June 27, 2011 and 96,250 were approved by the Company’s board of directors on December 6, 2011.

On April 10, 2013, the Company’s board of directors adopted the 2013 Stock Option and Incentive Plan, or the 2013 Plan, which was subsequently approved by the stockholders on May 2, 2013. The 2013 Plan replaced the 2008 Plan, as the Company’s board of directors has determined not to make additional awards under that plan. The 2013 Plan provides flexibility to the compensation committee to use various equity-based incentive awards as compensation tools to motivate its workforce.

The Company initially reserved 2,761,922 shares of its common stock for the issuance of awards under the 2013 Plan. The 2013 Plan may also provide that the number of shares reserved and available for issuance under the plan will automatically increase each January 1, beginning in 2014, by 3% of the outstanding number of shares of common stock on the immediately preceding December 31. This number is subject to adjustment in the event of a stock split, stock dividend or other changes in the Company’s capitalization.

The 2013 Plan is administered by the Company’s board of directors or the compensation committee of the board of directors (the “Administrator”). The Administrator has full power to select, from among the individuals eligible for awards, the individuals to whom awards will be granted, to make any combination of awards to participants, and to determine the specific terms and conditions of each award, subject to the provisions of the 2013 Plan. Persons eligible to participate in the 2013 Plan are those full or part-time officers, employees, non-employee directors and other key persons (including consultants and prospective officers) of the Company and its subsidiaries as selected from time to time by the Administrator in its discretion.

The 2013 Plan permits the granting of (1) options to purchase common stock intended to qualify as incentive stock options under Section 422 of the Code and (2) options that do not so qualify. The exercise price of each option will be determined by the Administrator but may not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant. The term of each option will be fixed by the Administrator and may not exceed ten years from the date of grant. The Administrator will determine at what time or times each option may be exercised.

The Administrator may award stock appreciation rights, restricted shares of common stock, restricted stock units and may also grant shares of common stock which are free from any restrictions under the 2013 Plan. The Administrator may grant performance share awards to any participant, which entitle the recipient to receive shares of common stock upon the achievement of certain performance goals and such other conditions as the Administrator shall determine. The Administrator may grant dividend equivalent rights to participants which entitle the recipient to receive credits for dividends that would be paid if the recipient had held specified shares of common stock.

The 2013 Plan provides that upon the effectiveness of a “sale event” as defined in the 2013 Plan, except as otherwise provided by the Administrator in the award agreement, all stock options and stock appreciation rights will automatically become fully exercisable and the restrictions and conditions on all other awards with time-based conditions will automatically be deemed waived, unless the parties to the sale event agree that such awards will be assumed or continued by the successor entity.

No other awards may be granted under the 2013 Plan after the date that is ten years from the date of stockholder approval.

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Stock-based compensation expense was allocated as follows:

 

 

The following table summarizes activity under the Plan:

 

 

On May 31, 2014, all holders of options outstanding at an exercise price of $28.49 per share agreed to cancel these options for no consideration, whereby the remaining expense associated with the unvested options in the amount of $1,852,787 was recorded as stock-based compensation expense during the second quarter 2014.

 

The fair value of options granted was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions:

 

The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was approximately $2.73, $5.86 and $5.58, respectively.

As of December 31, 2016, the total of unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to unvested options, is approximately $6,123,338, net of expected forfeitures, which is expected to be amortized over the remaining weighted average period of 2.31 years

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Warrants

During the year ended December 31, 2016, 62,230 warrants were exercised at an exercise price of $1.07, and 4,655 warrants expired.

During the year ended December 31, 2015, 2,625 warrants were exercised at an exercise price of $1.07 per share, and 451,500 warrants were exercised at an exercise price of $1.43.

As at December 31, 2016, the Company had the following warrants outstanding to acquire common shares:

 

 

14. Income taxes

The loss from continuing operations before income taxes was as follows:

 

 

The income tax expense was as follows:

 

 

Differences between the statutory income tax rates and the effective income tax rates applied to the loss before income taxes consisted of the following:

 

 

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Deferred tax assets and liabilities

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant components of the deferred income tax assets and deferred income tax liabilities are presented below:

 

 

As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the increase in the valuation allowance was primarily due to a history of losses generated. The valuation allowance is reviewed periodically and if the assessment of the “more likely than not” criterion changes, the valuation allowance is adjusted accordingly. There may also be an inability to utilize a significant amount of accumulated net operating losses and federal and state tax credit carryforwards to the extent an ownership change occurs for tax purposes.

As of December 31, 2016, the Company had approximately $27.6 million and $135.3 million in net operating loss carryforwards relating to its Canadian and U.S. entities, respectively. The loss carryforwards expire at various dates through 2036. The deferred tax benefit of these loss carryforwards is ultimately subject to final determination by taxation authorities.

For the periods ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, the Company has not recorded tax benefits from the exercise of stock options.

BioAmber Inc. and its subsidiaries file income tax returns and pay income taxes in jurisdictions where it believes it is subject to tax. In jurisdictions in which BioAmber Inc. and its subsidiaries do not believe they are subject to tax and therefore do not file income tax returns, the Company can provide no certainty that tax authorities in those jurisdictions will not subject one or more tax years (since inception of BioAmber Inc. or its subsidiaries) to examination. Further, while the statute of limitations in each jurisdiction where an income tax return has been filed generally limits the examination period, as a result of loss carryforwards, the limitation period for examination generally does not expire until several years after the loss carryforwards are utilized. Other than routine audits by tax authorities for tax credits and tax refunds that the Company claims, the Company is not aware of any other material income tax examination currently in progress by any taxing jurisdiction. The Company’s major tax jurisdictions are Canada and the U.S. with few exceptions, BioAmber Inc. and its subsidiaries are subject to Canadian and U.S. income tax examinations in respect of all taxation years of the Company since inception. Its Luxembourgian subsidiary was liquidated in November 2016.

The following is a roll forward of the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits:

 

 

As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the balance of unrecognized tax benefits included nil, of tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate. The balance of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, also included respectively $3,490,663 and $3,490,663 of tax benefits that, if recognized, would result in adjustments to other tax accounts, primarily prepaid tax expense and deferred taxes.

The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense unless it is associated with intercompany profits. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits associated

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with intercompany profits as prepaid tax expense. This asset is amortized over the life of the assets involved in the intercompany sale. The Company recorded nil of interest during the year ended December 31, 2016, December 31, 2015 and 2014 respectively.

The Company’s unrecognized tax benefits largely include liabilities related to transfer pricing exposures from allocation of income between jurisdictions. The Company believes that it is reasonably possible that no increase in unrecognized tax benefits related to transfer pricing exposure liabilities may be necessary within the coming year.

 

 

15. Financial instruments

Currency risk

The Company is exposed to foreign currency risk as result of foreign-denominated transactions and balances. The Company does not hold any financial instruments that mitigate this risk.

Credit risk

The Company’s exposure to credit risk as of December 31, 2016, is equal to the carrying amount of its financial assets. As of December 31, 2016 the amounts due from one customer represented approximately 75% of the total accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2015, the amounts due from three customers represented approximately 61% of the total accounts receivable.

 

Interest Rate Risk

The Company’s unrestricted cash totaling $16.2 million at December 31, 2016. These amounts were deposited in current and interest-bearing accounts and were held for working capital purposes. The Company’s long-term loan with EDC bears interest at floating interest rate per annum based on the Canadian prime rate plus an interest spread of 5%. If the Canadian prime rate was to increase, the interest rates for the remaining term of the loan would increase.  

 

 

16. Fair value of financial assets and liabilities

For cash, accounts receivable and accounts payable and accrued liabilities, the carrying amount approximates fair value because of the short-term maturity of those instruments.

The carrying amount of long-term debt approximates fair value as at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. The fair value of long-term debt received from government organizations was determined using Level 3 information as the Company produces an estimate of fair value based on internally developed valuation techniques which are based on a discounted cash flow methodology and incorporates all relevant observable market inputs. The interest free loans were discounted using an interest rate between 12% and  15%, a level 3 fair value measurement, representing the interest rate a loan with similar terms and conditions would carry.

The fair value of the warrants which were issued upon the completion of the IPO on May 10, 2013 was calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model using various assumptions described in note 13, which was a level 3 fair value measurement. As these warrants starting trading freely on the New York Stock Exchange on June 10, 2013, the closing value of these warrants, which is a level 1 measurement was used to calculate the fair value from June 10, 2013 onwards.

The fair value of the warrants issued in connection with the June 2009 and April 2011 financing transaction was calculated using the Monte Carlo model, which is a level 3 measurement.

 

 

17. Related party transactions

Transactions with related parties not disclosed elsewhere were as follows:

 

The related party transactions noted above were undertaken in the normal course of operations and were measured at the exchange amount, which is the amount of consideration established and agreed to by the parties.

 

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18. Subsequent events

On January 27, 2017, the Company completed the closing of another follow-on public offering and issued 3,684,212 shares of common stock, together with warrants to purchase up to 1,842,106 shares of common stock with an initial exercise price of $5.50 per share of common stock (the “2017 Warrants”), at a price to the public of $4.75 per fixed combination consisting of one share of common stock and associated 2017 Warrant to purchase one-half share of common stock.  The Warrants have a term of four years, exercisable upon the date of issuance. The Company also granted the Underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to an additional 552,632 shares of common stock and/or 2017 Warrants to purchase 276,316 shares of common stock at the public offering price, which they exercised in full on January 27, 2017. The net proceeds from this offering, assuming no exercise of the 2017 Warrants, to be approximately $18.6 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and estimated offering expenses payable by the Company.

On January 27, 2017, the Company paid off and terminated its facility agreement with Bridging. The Company reimbursed the CAD$ 25 million principal owed, as well as accrued and unpaid interest and fees. As a result of the repayment, Bridging is required to terminate its security interest in the corporate level assets of the Company, according to the terms contained in the facility agreement.

 

        

 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

a. Selected Quarterly Financial Data (unaudited)

The following table contains quarterly financial information for 2016 and 2015. The Company believes that the following information reflects all normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the information for the periods presented. The operating results for any quarter are not necessarily indicative of results for any future period.

 

 

 

 

 

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None.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a—15(e) and 15d—15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)), as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on such evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2016, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2016, because of the material weakness as described below.  Notwithstanding this material weakness, management has concluded that the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the Company in accordance with GAAP.

 

In connection with the preparation of our quarter ended September 30, 2015 condensed consolidated financial statements, we identified a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting, which was remediated as of March 31, 2016. The material weakness was an inappropriate review process of non-routine complex financial instruments that may have embedded derivatives or other provisions that may have complex accounting impacts, and resulted in an error in the accounting treatment of our Legacy Warrants.  This error resulted in the reclassification of the Legacy Warrants from equity to a non-cash liability and in the correction of our comparative financial statements as presented in Note 19 of the consolidated financial statements and in Item 8 in the December 31, 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The accounting treatment of previous warrants issued was reviewed during the quarter ended September 30, 2015 and confirmed that the error was limited to these Legacy Warrants.  Our review process for non-routine complex financial instruments allowed this error to go undetected, and management has assessed the potential magnitude and concluded that this represents a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, but did not result in a material misstatement in our audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended June 30, 2009 to December 31, 2014 or any interim condensed consolidated financial statements for the quarters included therein.

 

To remediate the material weakness described above, specific actions were implemented, including: improving processes and implementing additional controls around review of new complex financial instruments to identify appropriate accounting treatment and monitoring implication thereafter, and strengthening management’s review controls. Based on the actions taken by management, we successfully completed the assessment necessary to conclude that the previously identified and disclosed material weakness has been remediated as of March 31, 2016.

 

In connection with the preparation of our year ended December 31, 2016 consolidated financial statements, we identified a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting, that if not corrected, could result in a material misstatement in our financial statements. The material weakness is related to accounting for non-routine or complex transactions, which resulted in an error in the accounting treatment in a complex revenue recognition transaction and in an inadequate financial statements disclosure. Our review process for the accounting treatment for non-routine or complex transactions allowed these errors to go undetected, and management has assessed the potential magnitude and concluded that this represents a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, but did not result in a material misstatement in our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016. We have taken certain actions to begin remediating this material weakness including the initiation of the process for the retention of an accounting firm to provide technical consulting services with respect to complex accounting issues.  However, we cannot assure our shareholders that these measures will be sufficient to remediate the material weakness that has been identified or prevent future material weaknesses or significant deficiencies from occurring.

 

Despite the existence of this material weakness, the Company believes the financial information presented herein is materially correct and in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America, and do not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated or that is necessary to make a statement not misleading in light of the circumstances under which it was made.  The consolidated financial statements together with the other financial information included in the consolidated filings fairly present, in all material respects, the financial condition, financial performance and cash flows of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2016.

 

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

 

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable

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assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and includes those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements.

 

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

  

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria set forth in the Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on its assessment, we identified a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting described in greater detail above in “—Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedure”.  As a result of the material weaknesses described above, management has concluded that the Company did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016.  The Company has implemented specific actions described above to begin remediating the material weakness.

 

This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by our independent registered public accounting firm as emerging growth companies are exempt from this requirement.

 

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during our most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

None.

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PART III

Incorporated by reference from the information in our Proxy Statement for our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with the SEC within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates.

Incorporated by reference from the information in our Proxy Statement for our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with the SEC within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates.

Incorporated by reference from the information in our Proxy Statement for our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with the SEC within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates.

Incorporated by reference from the information in our Proxy Statement for our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with the SEC within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates.

Incorporated by reference from the information in our Proxy Statement for our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we will file with the SEC within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year to which this Annual Report on Form 10-K relates.

 

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PART IV

(a)(1) Financial Statements.

The response to this portion of Item 15 is set forth under Item 8 above.

(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

Not applicable.

 

Schedule I—Condensed Parent Company Financial Statements

 

 

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 

 

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of

BioAmber Inc.

 

 

We have audited the consolidated financial statements of BioAmber Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016, and have issued our report thereon dated March 16, 2017 (which report expresses an unqualified opinion and includes an explanatory paragraph regarding the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern); such report is included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. Our audits also included the condensed financial statement schedule of the Company listed in Item 15. This condensed financial statement schedule is the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion based on our audits. In our opinion, such condensed financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.

 

 

 

 

/s/ Deloitte LLP¹

 

 

Montreal, Canada

 

March 16, 2017

 

¹CPA auditor, CA, public accountancy permit No. A118581

 

 

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The condensed financial statements represent the financial information required by SEC Regulation S-X 5-04 for BioAmber Inc., which requires the inclusion of parent company only financial statements if the restricted net assets of consolidated subsidiaries exceed 25% of total consolidated net assets as of the last day of its most recent fiscal year. As of December 31, 2016, BioAmber Inc’s restricted net assets of consolidated subsidiaries were $52.4 million and exceeded 25% of its total consolidated net assets.

 

The following condensed parent-only financial statements of BioAmber have been prepared in accordance with Rule 12-04, Schedule I of Regulation S-X and included herein. The Parent Company's 100% investment in its subsidiaries has been recorded using the equity basis of accounting in the accompanying condensed parent-only financial statements. The condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements of BioAmber Inc. and subsidiaries and notes thereto.

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Condensed Statements of Operations (Parent Company Only)

 

 

 

96

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Condensed Balance Sheets (Parent Company Only)

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Condensed Statements of Cash Flows (Parent Only)

 

 

 

 

(a)(3) Exhibits.

See the Exhibit Index immediately following the signature page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The exhibits listed in the Exhibit Index below are filed or incorporated by reference as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

 

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Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on the 16^th day of March 2017.

 

POWER OF ATTORNEY

Each person whose individual signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints Fabrice Orecchioni and Mario Saucier, and each of them, with full power of substitution and resubstitution and full power to act without the other, as his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent to act in his or her name, place and stead and to execute in the name and on behalf of each person, individually and in each capacity stated below, and to file any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing, ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them or their or his substitute or substitutes may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue thereof.

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Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 

 

 

 

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EXHIBIT INDEX

 

 

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